Module 1B - Introduction to Pathology: Cause of Disease and General Basis of Pathologic Condition

pathology

study of disease processes

disease

any abnormal change or disturbance in the function or structure within the body as a result of some type of injury

pathogenesis

sequence of events producing cellular changes that ultimately lead to observable changes known as manifestations

manifestations

known as observable changes

symptom

- patient's perception of the disease

- subjective

headache, abdominal pain

examples of symptom (2):

sign

- detectable with examination

- objective manifestations

rash, fever, swelling, mass

examples of sign (4):

syndrome

a group of signs and symptoms that characterize a specific abnormal disturbance

etiology

study of the cause of a disease

1. virus

2. bacteria

3. trauma

4. heat

5. chemical agents

6. poor nutrition

common agents that cause diseases (6):

1. nosocomial

2. idiopathic

3. iatrogenic

etiology (3):

nosocomial

hospital acquired infection/disease

idiopathic

a disease with no causative factor or without identifiable cause

iatrogenic

adverse responses to medical treatment itself

acute

- diseases usually have a quick onset and last for a short period

- ex. pneumonia

chronic

- diseases may manifest more slowly and last for a very long-time

- ex. multiple sclerosis

sequelae

condition caused by previous disease, injury, therapy, or other trauma

diagnosis

identification of a disease an individual is believed to have

prognosis

prediction of the course of the disease and the prospects for the patient's recovery

morphology

structure of cells or tissue

decreased

for destructive, exposure factors should be

increased

for additive, exposure factors should be

decrease

if the process reduces body or organ mass, ____ the kVp

increase

if the process adds to the body tissue you need to ____ the kVp

epidemiology

investigation of disease in large groups

prevalence

number of cases found in a given population

incidence

number of new cases found in a given time

endemic

disease of high prevalence in an area where a causative organisms is commonly found

endemic disease

constantly present in a population or region, with relatively low spread

epidemic disease

sudden increase in cases spreading through a large population

pandemic disease

sudden increase in cases across several countries, continents, or the world

morbidity rate

incidence of sickness that interferes with daily routine

mortality rate

average number of deaths caused by a particular disease in a population

1. development defects: error in morphogenesis

2 cytogenetic defects: chromosomal abnormalities

3. single-gene defects: mendelian disorders

4. multifactorial inheritance disorders

etiology of cell injury - genetic cause (4):

1. hypoxia & ischemia

2. physical agents

3. chemical agents and drugs

4. microbial agents

5. immunologic agents

6. nutritional derangements

7. aging

8. psychogenic diseases

9. iatrogenic factors

10. idiopathic diseases

etiology of cell injury - acquired causes (10):

atrophy

decrease in cell size

hypertrophy

increase in cell size

hyperplasia

increase in the number of cells in a tissue as a result of excessive proliferation

anaplasia

absence of tumor cell differentiation, loss of cellular organization

dysplasia

abnormal changes of mature cells; atypical hyperplasia

metaplasia

conversion of one cell type into another cell type that is not normal, for that tissue

1. congenital and hereditary

2. inflammatory

3. degenerative

4. metabolic

5. traumatic

6. neoplastic

disease classifications (6):

congenital

- diseases present at birth and resulting from genetic or environmental factors

- not necessarily hereditary, some may be acquired in utero

down syndrome

ex. of congenital disease:

hereditary

- diseases caused by developmental disorders genetically transmitted from either parent to a child through abnormalities of individual genes in chromosomes

hemophilia

ex. of hereditary disease:

dominant, recessive

inherited diseases may be (2):

dominant

transmitted by a single gene from either parent

recessive

transmitted by both parents to an offspring

inflammatory disease

disease results from the body's reaction to a localized injurious agent

- infective

- toxic

- allergic diseases

types of inflammatory diseases (3):

infective

results from invasion by microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, or fungi

toxic

disease are caused by poisoning by biologic substances

allergic diseases

an overreaction of the body's own defenses

autoimmune disorders

disease in which the body forms antibodies that injure patient's own tissues

- rheumatoid arthritis

- autoantibodies

- HIV/AIDS

ex. of autoimmune disorders (3):

chronic inflammation

- damage caused by an injurious agent may not result in necrosis

- longer duration of inflammation periods

1. heat

2. redness of skin

3. swelling

4. pain

5. loss of function

5 cardinal signs of acute inflammation:

1. calor

2. rubor

3. tumor

4. dolor

5. functio laesa

5 cardinal signs of acute inflammation: (other terms)

1. tissue regeneration

2. repair by fibrous connective tissue

3. debridement

4. remodeling

treatments of inflammation (4):