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Cell Membrane
Semipermeable barrier that surrounds all cells
Cell Wall
Extracellular structure that distinguishes plant cells from animal cells
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell. Responsible for generating energy in form of ATP
Ribosome
Particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein; conduct protein synthesis in free ribosomes and rough ER
Golgi Apparatus
Consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae; main goal to modify products of the ER
Smooth ER
Synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbs, and detoxifies poisons
Rough ER
Ribosomes bound; Membrane factory for the cell; produces proteins and membranes
Lysosomes
Membranous sac of enzymes; hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids.
Peroxisomes
Specialized compartments bound to a membrane; they produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water.
Desmosomes
Fasten cells together into strong sheets
Tight Junctions
Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of fluids
Cytoskeleton
Network of fibers extending through the cytoplasm. Organizes structure and activities.
Nucleus
Contains most of the DNA; contains most of cells genes
Vacuole
membrane bound sac with varied functions
Central Vacuole
Membrane-bound organelle; responsible for maintaining turgor in cells and structure
Contractile vacuoles
Used to pump excess water outside of the cell
Nucleolus
Spherical structure within the nucleus, responsible for assembling ribosomes
What is turgor pressure?
The pressure within a cell caused by the fluid pushing it contents against its cell wall
What regulates turgor pressure?
Osmosis and the movement of water
How do too large molecules get into the cell via transport?
Transported via vesicles. Requires energy and is form of active transport
What organelles participate in creation of mature proteins?
Ribosomes and the endoplasmic reticulum. Followed by the golgi.
Central Dogma
DNA → RNA → Protein
Steps of Transcription
1: RNA polymerase binds to promoter region
2: DNA unwinds and separates
3: RNA strand is synthesized
4: Termination at the terminator sequence
Steps of Translation
1: mRNA binds to ribosome
2: tRNA brings amino acids
3: Peptide bonds form
4: Chain elongation continues until termination