Chapter 6 (Exam 2)

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24 Terms

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Cell Membrane

Semipermeable barrier that surrounds all cells

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Cell Wall

Extracellular structure that distinguishes plant cells from animal cells

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Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell. Responsible for generating energy in form of ATP

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Ribosome

Particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein; conduct protein synthesis in free ribosomes and rough ER

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Golgi Apparatus

Consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae; main goal to modify products of the ER

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Smooth ER

Synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbs, and detoxifies poisons

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Rough ER

Ribosomes bound; Membrane factory for the cell; produces proteins and membranes

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Lysosomes

Membranous sac of enzymes; hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids.

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Peroxisomes

Specialized compartments bound to a membrane; they produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water.

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Desmosomes

Fasten cells together into strong sheets

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Tight Junctions

Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of fluids

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Cytoskeleton

Network of fibers extending through the cytoplasm. Organizes structure and activities.

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Nucleus

Contains most of the DNA; contains most of cells genes

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Vacuole

membrane bound sac with varied functions

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Central Vacuole

Membrane-bound organelle; responsible for maintaining turgor in cells and structure

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Contractile vacuoles

Used to pump excess water outside of the cell

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Nucleolus

Spherical structure within the nucleus, responsible for assembling ribosomes

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What is turgor pressure?

The pressure within a cell caused by the fluid pushing it contents against its cell wall

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What regulates turgor pressure?

Osmosis and the movement of water

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How do too large molecules get into the cell via transport?

Transported via vesicles. Requires energy and is form of active transport

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What organelles participate in creation of mature proteins?

Ribosomes and the endoplasmic reticulum. Followed by the golgi.

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Central Dogma

DNA → RNA → Protein

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Steps of Transcription

1: RNA polymerase binds to promoter region

2: DNA unwinds and separates

3: RNA strand is synthesized

4: Termination at the terminator sequence

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Steps of Translation

1: mRNA binds to ribosome

2: tRNA brings amino acids

3: Peptide bonds form

4: Chain elongation continues until termination