Chapter 6 (Exam 2)

Cell Membrane

Semipermeable barrier that surrounds all cells

Cell Wall

Extracellular structure that distinguishes plant cells from animal cells

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell. Responsible for generating energy in form of ATP

Ribosome

Particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein; conduct protein synthesis in free ribosomes and rough ER

Golgi Apparatus

Consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae; main goal to modify products of the ER

Smooth ER

Synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbs, and detoxifies poisons

Rough ER

Ribosomes bound; Membrane factory for the cell; produces proteins and membranes

Lysosomes

Membranous sac of enzymes; hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids.

Peroxisomes

Specialized compartments bound to a membrane; they produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water.

Desmosomes

Fasten cells together into strong sheets

Tight Junctions

Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of fluids

Cytoskeleton

Network of fibers extending through the cytoplasm. Organizes structure and activities.

Nucleus

Contains most of the DNA; contains most of cells genes

Vacuole

membrane bound sac with varied functions

Central Vacuole

Membrane-bound organelle; responsible for maintaining turgor in cells and structure

Contractile vacuoles

Used to pump excess water outside of the cell

Nucleolus

Spherical structure within the nucleus, responsible for assembling ribosomes

What is turgor pressure?

The pressure within a cell caused by the fluid pushing it contents against its cell wall

What regulates turgor pressure?

Osmosis and the movement of water

How do too large molecules get into the cell via transport?

Transported via vesicles. Requires energy and is form of active transport

What organelles participate in creation of mature proteins?

Ribosomes and the endoplasmic reticulum. Followed by the golgi.

Central Dogma

DNA → RNA → Protein

Steps of Transcription

1: RNA polymerase binds to promoter region

2: DNA unwinds and separates

3: RNA strand is synthesized

4: Termination at the terminator sequence

Steps of Translation

1: mRNA binds to ribosome

2: tRNA brings amino acids

3: Peptide bonds form

4: Chain elongation continues until termination