APUSH Chapter 2, American Experiments

What is Chattel Slavery and how does it relate to history?

Chattel Slavery is the ownership of human beings as property, and this institution of slavery greatly affected African Americans (shaped American History), and was obsolete in England.

How did Spain Establish a New American World?

Once conquistadors overthrew Native American leaders, Spanish monarchs rewarded them with encomiendas, or land grants that granted conquistadors control over the labor and tribute of indigenous peoples. Moreover, the Spanish Empire became very wealthy as discoveries of gold and silver (Potosí) increased the value of these grants, and Spaniards used the mita system, which required Indian workers to work in the mines.

Name one effect of Spanish migration to the Americas.

1: The development of a Casta system, organizing the population of Indians, Africans, and Spanish based on race. Mestizos (indian-spanish) mullatos (Spanish-African) zambos (indians-african)

• Spaniards moved to large estates known as haciendas

• Indians experienced profound change as their numbers declined despite living in their communities

• (suppression native religious practices and converting to christianity)

Name another effect of Spanish migration to theAmericas

Columbian exchange: intercontinental exchange of plants, animals, and diseases from New world (Americas) to old world (Europe,Asia, Africa)

• Diseases wiped out Indian populations

• Food items brought to Europe led to population booms

• Domesticated animals and crops from old world changed American landscape.

What was the protestant challenge to Spain?

King Phillip intended to eliminate any challenges to Spain and the Catholic Church, and Wealthy Calvinists in the Spanish Netherlands revolted, leading to a fifteen-year war and the independence of the Dutch Republic.

How did England further challenge Spain (religiously).

King Henry VIII’s daughter, Elizabeth the 1st, authorized English sailors to take aggressive action against Spanish control of the Americas, and Francis Drake, challenged and disrupted Spanish Shipping in the Atlantic. The Spanish Armada sailed to restore catholic rule in England and Holland, however, a fierce storm allowed English to claim victory

• Elizabeth also approved of Protestant teachings and retained the catholic holy communion in her reforms, angering the Spanish King

• Despite the loss King Phillip spent his American gold and silver on other religious wars, weakening Spain’s economies, and leading to 2000,000 Castilians to migrate to America.

How did England start to rise in contrast to Spain?

Economic stimulation by a rise in population, and Queen Elizabeth I supported mercantilism, a system of state-assisted manufacturing and trade. Domestic England textile industry relied on outwork, or merchants buying wool from estate owners, an hiring peasants to weave the wool into cloth.Domestic manufacturing was encouraged, increasing exports and decreasing imports

• these policies helped England challenge Spain’s control over American wealth, create its own colonial empire.

How was Brazil an example of a Plantation economies.

Portuguese colonists established more than one thousand sugar plantations in Brazil, and after diseases reduced the indigenous populations, Portuguese planters relied on African slaves. Portugal’s colony in Brazil took longer to develop and turn into a profit.

How was Jamestown an example of a plantation economy?

After disasters from privately organized funding attempts, King James granted the Virginia Company, a group of English merchants, a monopoly, leading to the expedition to Jamestown, Virginia. Life in Jamestown was harsh due to high death rates and little Gold and food. Growing tobacco became a main part of economic life by providing revenue for the royal treasury and allowing permanent settlement in Jamestown.

• The House of Burgesses was a system of representative government/ legeslative body

• Land was given to freemen to encourage settlement.

What was the Indian War of 1622?

A conflict in early Virginia History triggers by the influx of settlers and suggestions that Indians should go to school to become proper Christians, led by Opechancanough. 1/3 of the English pop was killed during a surprise attack, leading to english seizing Indian fields, foods, and forcing them into slavery. King James revoked the Virginia Company's charter, turned Virginia into a royal colony, and established the Church of England in Virginia supported by taxes by property owners.

What did Lord Baltimore Settle, and the effects?

Lord Baltimore was granted most of the territory bordering the Chesapeake Bay by King Charles the 1st, and created Maryland, a second tobacco colony in the Chesapeake. He intended it to become a refuge for English Catholics, and settlers elected a representative assembly, and the land to initiate legislation was given.

• The assembly enacted the toleration act, granting religious freedom to all christians

• Demand for Tobbaco led to an economic boom in Chesapeake,

How did the Caribbean Islands become a plantation economy?

The English began to expand in the Caribbean, and soon, Islands of the lesser Antilles became english colonies, and Jamaica was also a colony. After experimenting with cash crops such as tobacco and cotton, planters on the larger islands adopted sugar cultivation like Brazil, becoming the most valuable colonies in the English empire.

What was Indentured Servitude like in Plantations.

Planters in the Chesapeake and Caribbean experimented with different labor systems, including indentured servitude, despite low populations and short life expectancy, thousands of Indentured servants worked for a master to cain freedom. Planters greatly benefited from this, and some masters exploited servants, such as beating them, and most indentured servants did not achieve escape

• Contractually bound themself to work to achieve freedom for around 4-5 years

What was life like for African Laborers in Plantations

Sugar planters shifted to African Slave labor for labor needs, and despite many serving their English masters for life, they were not legally enslaved, as humans were not viewed as property. By becoming Christian, buying freedom, and arguing for ones freedom an African could become a landowner and purchase slaves. After a collapse in the tobacco industry, the Chesapeake legislature enacted laws that lowered the status of Africans, leading to being a slave becoming a permanent and hereditary condition.

What was New France?

Quebec was the first permanent French settlement, and New France became a vast fur-trading empire. The huron received guns from the French, and were the first to welcome French catholic missionaries. Explorers and fur traders expanded the colony until they established New Orelans.

What was New Netherland?

In 1615, following Henry Hudson’s explorations and discoveries, Dutch merchants established Fort Orange as a fur trading post, and the West India Company founded the town of New Amsterdam as the capital of New Netherland, and encourage migration by granting huge estates to dutchmen who promised to populate them. New Netherland failed as a settler colony, but flourished in fur trading. Conflict with Native Americans ocurred when the Dutch seized prime farming land from the Algonquians.

• West India Company ignored the Dutch Settlement and focused on the African slave and sugar trade.

• After rejecting requests for a representative government and resistance from an English Invasion, New Netherland fell and became New York.

How did the Iroquois rise?

The five nations of the Iroquois used their location between French and Dutch colonies to obtain guns, goods, and expand territory through wars against Native American Neighbors. France committed to a war when Iroquois attacked Algonquians, leading to Five Nations defeat, and acceptance of French missionaries. Iroquois who allied with English after Dutch defeat remained a powerful force in the Northeast.

How did New England Rise

New England differed as it was settled by family groups, and focused on religion and morality rather than commerce, and the Pilgrims (form of Puritan which were religious separatists from England Church) sailed to America on the Mayflower, and created the Mayflower, the first constitution in North America (wanted religious and political autonomy). Only half the Pilgrims survived the first winter, and after, the Plymouth colony thrived with a representative government. Religious conflict in England led to thousands of Puritans leaving for NA.

How did John Winthrop and the Massachusetts bay rise?

John Winthrop and 900 Puritans established the Massachusetts bay in order to build a reformed Christians society, and thousands of Puritans migrated there. The Puritans created representative political institutions based by transforming the joint-stock corporation that Winthrop used to found the colony. The right to vote and hold office were limited to men who were Church members, an bible was the legal and spiritual guide. Puritans removed Bishops and power was in the hands of the laity

• Puritans believed in predestination, or that a few elect individuals had salvation, leading to a long-term process of spiritual guidance, known as preparation.

How did Roger Williams and Rhode Island rise?

The Puritans felt like they must purge their society of religious dissents, so they targeted Roger Williams, a religious dissenter, and after the failure of the English Revolution, they looked to create a permanent society in America based on their faith and ideals.

What was the Yeoman Society?

Puritan governments provided land to groups of propeitors who divided the land among male heads of families, and despite a social hierarchy that provided large plots of land to men of high social status, widespread land ownership allowed most men to vote in town meetings. Farmers enjoyed more political power compared to European and Chesapeake counterparts in these self-governing communities, and enhanced local control by levying taxes and choosing selectmen to manage town affairs. More towns= more power.

What was the Puritan-Pequot War ?(new-england)

When pequot warriors killed an English trader, Puritan militiamen and Indian allies massacred 500 Pequots, and drove survivors from the region, and justified taking Indian Lands on religious grounds. English puritans viewed Native Americans as tainted by Satan, which the believed led to their degenerate condition, and created praying towns in efforts to Christianize Indians.

What was Metacom’s War? (new england)

To stop the European advance (3x white than indian), the Wampanoag leader Metacom forged a military alliance with two other native american groups and attacked white settlements, and fighting continued until he died. Indians’ losses were worse, and 25% of the diminshed indian population died from war or disease.

What was the Bacon’s rebellion?

The Bacon's rebellion was an uprising in Virginia led by Nathaniel Bacon against governor Berkley as he refused poor settlers, landless former servants, and enslaved people to seize Native lands, while low tobacco prices and high taxes led to additional anger. Rebels burned Jamestown, and collapsed when Bacon died.

What was the Frontier War?

Freed indentured servants in Virginia had few opportunities to gain economic independence, and wealthy gentry had consolidated most land, and declining tobacco prices made it impossible for profit. Social tensions between landless laborers and elite planters peaked when Governor Berkley gave tax-free grants to members of his council and suspended the right to vote for landless freemen. Poor white freeholders wanted to seize Native land, but wealthy planer-merchants opposed this to continue trading fur. These poor freeholders and landless men began killing Indians, and Indians killed whites.

How did challenging the government play a role in the Bacon’s rebellion?

Nathaniel Bacon led a protest against Berkley’s Indian policy, and Bacon and his men killed a number of Indians, and Berkley arrested Bacon. His millitant supporters then threatened with force, leading to Berkeley freeing him, and agreed to political reform, as the House of Burgesses restored voting rights to the landless freemen and reduced the governors power. Bacon and his men then burned Jamestown and demanded the removal of all indians.

Who was Anne Hutchinson?

She was considered a heretic due to her beliefs, as she denied that salvation could be earned through good deeds, and rather, believed God saved those he predestined to salvation. She was then banished, as well as her family.

What was the Puritan Revolution in England?

England fell into a religious civil war between royalists an parliamentary forces, and thousands of English puritans joined, demanding greater authority for the parliament, and reform of the church. After four years of civil war, parliamentary forces led by Oliver Cromwell were victorious, however, Puritan triumph was short-lived with the restoration of the Monarchy, and decided to create a society in America based on their faith and ideals.