CHEM 1ch. -4

Homogeneous Mixture

Substances equally mixed, do not scatter light

Heterogeneous Mixture

Substances mixed unevenly, colloid particles never settle and scatter light. Ex: Milk

Suspension

Particles that are able to separate. Ex: oil and water

Metalloid

Chemical element that exhibits some metal and some nonmetal properties. Examples: Boron, Silicon, Germanium, Arsenic, Antimony, and Tellurium

Metal

Solid material that conducts heat & electricity, hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile. Examples: Gold, Silver, Copper, Aluminum, Iron

Non-Metal

Lacks characteristic of a metal. Examples: Sulfur, Bromine, and Helium

Solid

State of matter with fixed shape and size

Gas

State of matter that has no definite shape or size

Liquid

State of matter with no defined shape but has a defined size

Phase Change: Gas to Liquid

Condensation

Phase Change: Liquid to Solid

Freezing

Phase Change: Solid to Gas

Sublimation

Phase Change: Liquid to Gas

Vaporization

Phase Change: Solid to Liquid

Melting

Phase Change: Gas to Solid

Deposition

Oxygen

A gas necessary to support life

Nitrogen

80% of the gas molecules are this element

Helium

Lightest Nobel Gas

Metallic Character

Decreases from left to right on the periodic table, as elements easily accept electrons to fill their valence shells

Non-Metal Test

Doesn't stick to a magnet and is not grey in color

Conductor

Able to let electricity pass

Insulator

Able to stop electricity from passing

Macroscopic

Material properties visible to the unaided eye

Particulate

Material properties related to its chemical formulas

Symbolic

Material properties concerning atoms, molecules, and particles

Thermosphere

Fourth layer of the atmosphere. 85 - 550 km up, temperature increases with height, pressure decreases with height, 'Northern Lights' magnetic storms occur in this layer

Mesosphere

Third layer of the atmosphere. 50 - 85 km up, temperature decreases with height, pressure decreases with height, 'shooting stars' burn up in this layer

Stratosphere

Second layer of the atmosphere. 11 - 50 km up, temperature increases with height, pressure decreases with height, contains ozone layer

Troposphere

First layer of the atmosphere. 0-11 km up, temperature decreases with height, pressure decreases with height, supports life

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Colorless, tasteless poison gas caused by faulty combustion of fuels. Ex: stoves or propane gas

Ozone (O3)

Colorless gas with a sharp odor. Ex: lightning strikes

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

Toxic gas with an unpleasant sharp odor. Ex: combustion of coal

Reactant

Substance BEFORE being chemically changed

Product

Substance AFTER being chemically changed

Catalyst

Substance that participates in a chemical reaction without being changed

Coefficient

Number of particles of a substance. It can be freely changed for a given substance

Subscript

Number of atoms/ions within a substance. It cannot be changed for a given substance

Class A fires

Wood fires

Class B fires

Chemical fires

Class C fires

Electrical fires

PASS: P

Pull

PASS: A

Aim

PASS: S

Squeeze

Safety Device for Cut Hand

Call 911

Safety Device for Chemical Splash in Eyes

Eye wash station

Safety Device for Chemical Splash on Body

Shower station

Physical Change Example

Salt dissolving in water

Chemical Change Example

Change of materials into another, new materials with different properties and one or more new substances are formed

Ionic Compounds

Has conductivity, soluble, and a high melting point

Covalent Compounds

Varies in conductivity and solubility, and has a low melting point

Three Main Categories of Elements

Metals, non-metals, and metalloids

Mixtures

Separated using physical means

Pure Substances

Not able to be separated by physical means

Molecular Prefix: 1 Atom

Mono-

Molecular Prefix: 2 Atoms

Di-

Molecular Prefix: 3 Atoms

Tri-

Molecular Prefix: 4 Atoms

Tetra-

Molecular Prefix: 5 Atoms

Penta-

Molecular Prefix: 6 Atoms

Hexa-

Molecular Prefix: 7 Atoms

Hepta-

Molecular Prefix: 8 Atoms

Octo-

Molecular Prefix: 9 Atoms

Nona-

Molecular Prefix: 10 Atoms

Deka-

Drop in Oxygen Concentration

Oxygen drops because it isn't pure anymore once the energy of CO2 is released from exhaling

Rise in Carbon Dioxide Concentration

CO2 has a different mixture when exhaled, so the concentration rises

Inert Gases (N2)

Can be processed by plants to make ammonia compounds

Global Warming Gases (CO2 and CH4)

Gases heating up the earth

Inert Gases (Ar, Ne, He, Kr)

Not processed by living things to do anything or reactive

Life Supporting Gases

Oxygen

H2O2

Water Vapor

SO2

Sulfur Dioxide

PCI5

Phosphorus Pentachloride

CF4

Carbon Tetrafluoride

CO

Carbon Monoxide

Lead

No longer used in gasoline

Ozone

Noxious gas that is produced by welding equipment and electrical machinery. It is a pollutant on the ground, yet high in the stratosphere it blocks UV rays

Carbon Monoxide

Odorless, clear gas that can bind to hemoglobin and cause suffocation

Nitrogen Dioxide

Noxious smelly gas that produces the characteristic brown haze seen in smog

Sulfur Dioxide

Dangerous, unpleasant-smelling gas that can produce deadly sulfuric acid in the lungs

Temperature

Occurs when cold air is layered atop warm air and traps pollutants

Carbon Dioxide

CO2 gas compound

Carbon Tetraiodide

CI4 compound with four iodine atoms

Methane

CH4 gas compound

Carbon Disulfide

CS2 compound with carbon and sulfur

Transverse Waves

Move up and down; example: ocean wave

Longitudinal Waves

Move in and out; example: sound wave

Frequency and Wavelength

Inverse relationship in electromagnetic waves

Radio Waves

Used for television transmission

Infrared Light

Visible thermal energy

Visible Light

Easily seen light spectrum

Ultraviolet Light

Artificial light; example: fluorescent light

X-Rays

Used for bone imaging

Gamma Rays

Associated with black holes

Valence Electrons

Atoms with 7 electrons like Fluorine

Quantum Theory

Photons carry specific energy levels

Amplitude

Maximum displacement from rest position

Wavelength

Crest to crest distance of a wave

Frequency

Number of waves passing a point per second

Wave Speed

Speed of a wave in meters per second

Photoelectric Effect

Energetic light triggers electron emission