Unit 1B Final

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41 Terms

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Nervous system

The body's speedy electrochemical communication network, consisting of all nerve cells from the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system.

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Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body.

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Somatic nervous system

Controls voluntary movements and is heavily involved with sensory and motor neurons.

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Autonomic nervous system

Controls glands and internal organ muscles; self-regulating.

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Sympathetic nervous system

Division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy for action.

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Parasympathetic nervous system

Division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body and conserves energy.

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Central nervous system (CNS)

Consists of the brain and spinal cord.

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Cerebral Cortex

The outermost layer of the brain that contains billions of nerve cells and synaptic connections.

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Frontal lobe

Part of the cerebral cortex involved in speaking, muscle movement, planning, problem-solving and critical thinking.

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Parietal lobe

Middle section of the cerebral cortex that contains the somatosensory cortex, controlling sensation.

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Occipital lobe

Part of the brain responsible for processing visual information.

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Temporal lobe

Region of the brain associated with hearing and spoken language.

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Brain Stem

Connects the spinal cord and the brain, controlling basic life functions.

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Thalamus

Sensory control center located atop the brain stem.

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Cerebellum

Responsible for voluntary functions, movement coordination, and balance; known as the 'little brain'.

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Reticular formation

A neuron network that relays sensory stimuli to other parts of the brain.

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Limbic system

A lower brain system that includes the amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus, regulating emotions and memories.

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Amygdala

Part of the limbic system that processes emotions like fear and anger.

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Hypothalamus

Controls bodily functions and maintenance including hunger, thirst, and temperature.

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Hippocampus

Involved in processing conscious and explicit memories.

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Spinal cord

Acts as a two-way communication highway between the brain and the body.

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Hormones

Chemical messengers secreted by glands in the endocrine system that affect various functions in the body.

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Pituitary gland

Known as the 'master gland,' it releases various hormones and regulates other glands.

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Adrenal glands

Sit atop the kidneys and release hormones that help the body respond to stress.

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Electroencephalogram (EEG)

An amplified recording of waves of electrical activity in the brain.

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Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A brain imaging technique measuring magnetic fields from brain electrical activity.

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Computed Tomography Scan (CT Scan)

X-ray photographs taken from different angles to create a slice representation of the brain.

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Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scan)

A visual display of brain activity that detects radioactive glucose during a task.

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce images of soft tissue in the brain.

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Functional MRI (fMRI)

Reveals blood flow and brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans.

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Circadian rhythm

The internal biological clock that regulates sleep cycles over a 24-hour period.

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REM Sleep

A recurring sleep stage where vivid dreams occur and muscles relax.

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Sleep deprivation

The effects and consequences of not getting enough sleep, including decreased focus and risk of depression.

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Insomnia

Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.

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Narcolepsy

A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks, often entering REM sleep.

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Sleep apnea

Characterized by temporary cessation of breathing during sleep.

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Night terrors

High arousal and terrified appearance during sleep, seldom remembered.

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Freud’s Wish-Fulfillment Theory

The idea that dreams provide a psychic safety valve for expressing unacceptable feelings.

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Information-Processing Theory

Suggests dreams help sort out the day’s events and consolidate memories.

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Activation Synthesis Theory

Proposes that REM sleep triggers neural activity that our brain weaves into stories.

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Cognitive Development Theory

Dream content reflects the dreamer's level of cognitive development.