BEH 5070 Unit 1

According to Cooper et al. (2020),which is the best category that wecan use to classify ABA?

Science

Which of the following is an example of a permanent product?

A data collection sheet is an example of a permanent product. A permanent product is defined as a change in the environment that is produced by a behavior which lasts long enough to measure.

In McKenzie and Rushall (1974),publicly marking attendance at swimming practice resulted in

Decreases in leaving early, reduction in tardiness and absence

Allison and Ayllon (1980) reviewed the effectiveness of behavioral coaching on athletes in football, gymnastics, and tennis. What were their findings?

Football players, tennis players, and gymnasts all improved performance through behavioral coaching.

Boyer et al. (2009) used video modeling and video feedback to improve the performance of young athletes. Which sport was used in their study

in gymnastics to improve the young athletes' performance.

Komaki and Barnett (1977) used a checklist for increasing successful football plays. Name another sport where a checklist may be useful

Any other sport

What's intrinsic reward?

A reward that has NATURAL relation to the responses that produce it

What's extrinsic reward?

A reward that has ARBITRARY relation to the responses that produce it

In the Harrison and Pyles (2013)study on the use of extrinsic rewards,which players were most impacted?

The players on the fence

What is sexuality?

Sexuality is an integral part of the personality of every man, woman, and child.

Is sexuality synonymous with sexual intercourse?

No, sexuality is not synonymous with sexual intercourse.

How does sexuality influence individuals?

Sexuality influences our thoughts, feelings, actions, and interactions.

What aspects of health does sexuality affect?

Sexuality affects both mental and physical health.

Can sexuality be separated from other aspects of human life?

No, sexuality cannot be separated from other aspects of human life.

What are the primary challenges in teaching sexuality?

Sexuality is complex. Everyone has different values,interests, preferences, experiences

What are essentials for teaching sexuality?

An open mind, solid base of knowledge and a sense of humor

For individuals with developmental disabilities, what are the challenges?

values, interests, preferences, and experiences

What is one misperception related to sexuality and individuals with developmental disabilities?

They are asexual

Define SEICUS and SEICAN

Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States and Sexuality Information and Education Council of Canada

According to the CDC, what percentage of middle schools offer comprehensive sex ed?

20 percent

According to the SIECUS state profiles (2019-2020), how many states mandate both education and instruction on condom or contraception use?

16

T/F Sexuality includes biological processes and spirituality plays a role

True

Formal/Polite language of sexuality include:

Vagina, penis

Technical language of sexuality include:

Cervix, testicle, labia, glans etc

Cute language of sexuality include:

Vagaygay, weenie

Slang language of sexuality include:

Dick, snatch, pussy, coochie

T/F There is a higher rate of reported asexuality among individuals with disabilities.

True

T/F According to Schottle et al. (2017), autistic people show a limited range of sexual behaviors.

F. Based on Schottle et al., 2017, autistic people show a much more varied spectrum of sexual behaviors compared to neurotypical populations.

T/F According to Lauren Graham Holmes et al. (2020), males were more likely to have a romantic relationship than females

F. According to Lauren Graham Holmes et al., 2020, romantic relationships were reported to be more common among self-identified women than men.

T/F There are differences in biological processes related to puberty between ASD and non-ASD groups.

F. An important fact to convey when conducting sexuality education for individuals with disabilities is that the basic biological processes they experience are no different than those experienced by their typical peers.

What does the current research indicate regarding puberty and challenging behavior among autistic individuals?

It is unclear how puberty and increasing challenging behavior are related

Why must practitioners be cautious when it comes to treating sexual behavior?

"Sexual" behavior may not have a sexual function

What is gender diversity

The extent to which a person's gender identity, role, or expression differs from the cultural norms prescribed for people of a particular sex

According to Warrier et al. (2020), which of the following is true regarding gender and ASD within the ASD community?

There is a higher prevalence of gender variance

Why should behavior analysts be aware of gender variance within the ASD population?

Analysts can incorporate gender- affirming care into their practice

Which ASD criteria might result in an adverse reaction to specific sounds or smells?

Hyper-reactivity to sensory input

T/F Autistic people with highly restricted or fixated interests are likely to engage in stalking behavior.

False

T/F ASD diagnostic criteria represent a primary reason why many on the spectrum struggle with sexuality.

False

T/F People with intellectual disabilities are five times as likely to experience sexual assault than those without.

False. 7x more likely

Which of the following was one of the primary findings from Dike et al. (2022)?

There were higher rates of sexual violence among the autistic population compared to non-autistic populations

What was one of the primary findings of Sutton et al. (2012)?

There is a high percentage of autistic male juvenile sexual offenders

What is the primary predictor of higher rates of criminal-justice involvement among the autistic population?

Low levels of sexual knowledge

T/F We have ample research on reducing inappropriate masturbation and on teaching appropriate masturbation skills.

False

T/F Classroom-style teaching is effective in teaching new skills related to sexuality and sexuality-related behaviors.

True

T/F The problem with sexuality research in behavior analysis is that sexuality is not behavior related.

False: The primary problem with sexuality research in behavior analysis is that we have not been able to apply our tools effectively to treat sexuality problems. We can account for multiple variables (learning history, eliciting/evocative stimuli, etc.), but we have yet to build a robust body of research in sexuality.

T/F Say-do correlation is a consistent problem in sexuality related behavior.

True: Behavior is impacted by a variety of contingencies that influence what we do. It's easy to say that we are going to engage in a behavior, but behavior is complicated and impacted by a variety of other variables that alter what we say and influence what we do.

Define Risk

Risk is the probability that an outcome will negatively impact people, systems, or assets

What can we do to ensure that we control and decrease risk to our learners?

Identify our personal scope of competence and consult with professionals with varying expertise

What might be a skill that behavior analysts can teach within a sexual context?

Self care, manding, discrimination

Which of the following is a component skill involved in using a dating app?

Determining what to post

T/F Once someone learns a component skill, they can use that skill throughout their lifetime.

False: Component skills may be helpful for learners at various times in their lives, but the topography of the skill may change depending on the learner's current needs.

T/F All sex ed skills should be taught in a carefully controlled classroom.

False: We need to teach skills based on where the skill is most likely to be used. Behavior analysts may collaborate with others to determine the best circumstances for skills to be taught and generalized with dignity.

T/F The best teaching methods include both technical language and metaphors.

False: Instructors should use clear and concise language to convey information. Metaphors and euphemisms can confuse learners and negatively impact instructional effectiveness.

T/F Classroom instruction may not be comprehensive for learners with ASD.

True

List 4 basic goals for sexuality education for indiv. w/ ASD

1. Provide accurate information. 2. Develop necessary social competencies. 3. Develop personal values 4. Promote individual safety

What is one tactic behavior analysts can use to prevent problems with teaching masturbation related skills?

Teach where it is appropriate

Why might we neglect to identify skills like dressing, showering independently, or toileting to be sexuality-related safety skills?

These behaviors are considered to be daily living skills

According to Cooper et al. (2020), which is the best category that we can use to classify ABA?

Science

Define Shaping

Uses differential reinforcement to produce a gradually changing response classes

What are the 3 characteristics of feedback?

Specific, succinct(short), and immediate

Define permanent product

Change in environment produced by a behavior which lasts long enough to measure. (Tangibly count)

Define self-management

Personal application of tactics that produce a desired change in behavior (ex. public posting, third party accountability, diet and exercise)

Define reinforcer

Stimulus change that increases behavior (NOT a reward or preference)

Define operational definition

Describe behavior as observable and measurable

Define behavioral contract (contingency contract)

A mutually agreed upon document between parties describing a contingent relationship between the completion of specified behavior(s) and access to specified reinforcer.

What is a Changing Criterion Design

An experimental design in which an initial baseline phase is followed by a series of treatment phases consisting of successive and gradually changing criteria for reinforcement or punishment. Experimental control is evidenced by the extent the level of responding changes to conform to each new criterion.

Define Randomized Control Trial

Participants are randomly assigned to two groups (sometimes more). The experimental or treatment group is designated to receive a specific treatment while the other group (usually called the control or comparison group) receives no treatment, a placebo, a sham treatment, "treatment as usual" (e.g., commonly available services), or a different specific treatment.

Define self-monitoring

Procedure whereby a person systematically observes his behavior and then records the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a target behavior (also called self-recording or self-observation)

Define Stimulus Control

A situation in which the frequency, latency, duration, or amplitude of a behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus.

T/F If a behavior is socially significant to the behavior analyst, it will be a good target for their learners

FALSE. Social significance must include importance to the user (client, learner, etc.), not importance to the behavior analyst.

T/F We would always label a change in behavior for the better as socially significant, regardless of the size of the change.

FALSE If a behavior changes for the better, it may not be socially significant. For example, Joseph wants to lose 150 pounds. If he loses one pound over a four-week period, that weight loss may not be enough of a change to keep Joseph on his diet and exercise plan. The change was not socially significant to Joseph.

What is a permanent product in ABA?

A change in the environment produced by behavior (e.g., homework turned in, CO₂ emissions).

What is self-management in ABA?

Personal application of behavior-change tactics (e.g., public posting, third-party accountability, diet/exercise).

What is the difference between a reward and a reinforcer?

A reward is a preferred item, while a reinforcer increases future frequency of the behavior it follows.

What study showed public posting improved swimmers' attendance?

McKenzie & Rushall (1974) – reduced absenteeism by 63% and tardiness by 45%.

How did behavioral coaching improve football performance?

Komaki & Barnett (1977) used checklists and feedback, resulting in 20% performance gains.

What is a key finding about ABA in sports?

Behavioral techniques (e.g., feedback, reinforcement) significantly improve athletic performance (Allison & Ayllon, 1980).

What are the primary challenges in teaching sexuality to individuals with ASD?

Complexity, individuality, and varying competencies (Carley, 2021).

How is sexuality defined by the WHO?

A basic human need influencing thoughts, feelings, and interactions, not just sexual intercourse (WHO, 1975).

What did Schöttle et al. (2017) find about ASD and sexual behavior?

Autistic individuals show a wider range of sexual behaviors, including higher rates of hypersexuality and paraphilic interests.

Why is puberty challenging for individuals with ASD?

Hormonal changes may coincide with increased challenging behaviors, though the link is unclear (Steward et al., 2018).

What is gender diversity in ASD?

Higher prevalence of transgender/non-binary identities (4–5% vs. 1% in general population) (Warrier et al., 2020).

How does ASD diagnostic criteria relate to sexuality education?

Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity, nonverbal communication, and relationships complicate learning about consent, dating, and safety (APA, 2022).

What is the prevalence of sexual abuse in individuals with developmental disabilities?

7x higher than neurotypical peers (Shapiro, 2018).

What are key goals of sexuality education for ASD?

Accurate information, social competencies, personal values, and safety (WHO, 1975).

What is a critical component skill for teaching sexuality?

Discrimination (e.g., public vs. private behavior, consent) (Talbot & Langdon, 2006).

How can behavior analysts reduce risk in sexuality education?

By understanding limits of expertise, using evidence-based strategies, and collaborating with families (Dike et al., 2022).

What did Harrison & Pyles (2013) study?

Verbal instruction and shaping improved football tackling skills (reduced steps from 10 to 4).

What did Wysocki et al. (1979) find about behavioral contracts?

Contracts increased aerobic exercise points and maintenance at 1-year follow-up.

How did VR reinforcement impact exercise in obese boys?

De Luca & Holborn (1992) found VR schedules increased pedaling rates.

What is a key takeaway from ABA in Supernatural VR fitness?

Controlled environments, modeling, and reinforcement (e.g., points, streaks) boost engagement.

What is Alfie Kohn’s argument in Punished by Rewards?

Extrinsic rewards (e.g., stickers) may undermine intrinsic motivation (Kohn, 1993/2018).