HPNU 3050 Exam 1 Biology Terms & Definitions Study Set

Gross Anatomy

Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye

Types of Gross Anatomy

regional, systemic, surface

Regional Anatomy

specific regions of the body such as the head or chest

systemic anatomy

studies the anatomy of each functional body system

surface anatomy

study of general form and superficial markings

Microscopic Anatomy

deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

levels of organization in the body

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

organ system

group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

Organ

A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body

anatomic position

The position of reference in which the patient stands facing you, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward.

Why is anatomical position important?

It's a point of reference used to describe the specific location of structures

Sections and planes of the body

frontal/coronal, transverse/cross sectional, midsaggital/median, sagittal

frontal (coronal) plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

frontal plane movements

abduction and adduction

transverse plane

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

transverse plane movements

Movement that are parallel to the transverse (horizontal) plane (twisting, rotation, etc.)

midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal right and left sides

midsagittal plane movements

bending upper body forwards and backwards, walking, running

sagittal plane

divides the body into unequal left and right halves

sagittal plane movements

flexion and extension

Anatomic Directions

Anterior vs Posterior, Superior vs Inferior, Medial vs Lateral, and Proximal vs Distal

Anterior

front

Posterior

back

superior

above

Inferior

below

Medial

toward the midline

Lateral

away from the midline

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

Distal

away from the point of attachment

body cavities

spaces within the body that contain vital organs

cranial cavity contains

brain

vertebral cavity contains

spinal cord

Ventral cavity contains

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

thoracic cavity contains

heart and lungs

abdominopelvic cavity contains

abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

Where are serous membranes found?

closed ventral body cavities

serous membrane layers

parietal and visceral

parietal layer

lines the internal surface of the body wall

visceral layer

covers external surface of organs

where is the serous cavity

between parietal and visceral layers

serous fluid function

Fluid that lubricates the 2 layers and allows organs to move freely within the cavity

Mediastinum contains

heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart

The heart is enclosed by

pericardium

parietal pericardium

outer layer of the pericardium that forms a sac around heart

visceral pericardium

covers external surface of heart

pericardial cavity

the space between the layers of the pericardium that contains fluid that lubricates the membrane surfaces and allows easy heart movement

pleura

double-layered serous membrane surrounding each lung

parietal pleura

lines the inner walls of the thoracic cavity

visceral pleura

covers the external surface of lungs

pleural cavity

space between the layers of the pleura containing serous fluid

abdominal cavity contains

digestive organs, kidneys, ureters

pelvic cavity contains

urinary bladder, urethra, reproductive organs, rectum

peritoneum

membrane that lines the abdominal cavity

parietal peritoneum

the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall

visceral peritoneum

the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity

peritoneal cavity

space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum containing serous fluid

Name the serous membrane which pertains to the lungs, heart, and abdominal cavity.

pleura

pericardium

peritoneum

Name the 4 tissue types

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

epithelial tissue characteristics

cellularity - tightly packed

polarity - apical, basal, and lateral sides with apical surface exposed to lumen

attachment - basal layer attached to basement membrane

avascularity - no blood vessels

regeneration - cells can replace themselves when necessary

connective tissue characteristics

cells - different in diff tissues

protein fibers - collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers

ground substance - mix of proteins and carbs with salts and water

extracellular matrix - protein fibers + ground substance

muscle tissue characteristics

made of fibers, contractile, receive stimulation from nervous system

nervous tissue characteristics

neurons: excitable, extreme longevity, nonmitotic

glial cells: nonexcitable, mitotic

Structures of Epithelial Tissue

microvilli - increase surface area for absorption

cilia - move substances over apical surface

stereocilia - long cilia functions like microvillia

types of epithelial tissue

simple, stratified, squamous, cuboidal, columnar

simple squamous epithelium

single layer of flattened cells

function: rapid diffusion, filtration, secretion in serous membranes

location: alveoli of lungs, endothelium

simple cuboidal epithelium

single layer of cube shaped cells

function: absorption, secretion

location: kidney tubules

simple columnar epithelium

single layer of tall cells that fit closely together

function: absorption, secretion

location: lining of digestive tract

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

single layer of irregularly shaped and sized cells that give the appearance of multiple layers

function: protection, secretion of mucin

location: upper respiratory tract

stratified squamous epithelium nonkeratinized

layers of flat epithelium

function: protection of underlying tissue

location: vagina, oral cavity, esophagus, anus

stratified squamous epithelium keratinized

Function: protection

Location: epidermis of skin

stratified cuboidal epithelium

multiple layers of cube-shaped cells

function: protection, secretion

location: large ducts

stratified columnar epithelium

multiple layers of column-like cells

function: protection, secretion

location: ducts

transitional epithelium

modified cuboidal (dome)

function: distension, recoil

location: urinary system

types of connective tissue

connective tissue proper, supporting connective tissue, fluid connective tissue

Mesenchyme Connective Tissue

gives rise to all connective tissues

composed of skin found during the development of the embryo

forms organs

types of connective tissue proper

loose and dense

types of loose connective tissue

areolar, adipose, reticular

areolar connective tissue

Structure: fibroblasts, elastic/collagen fibers, ground substance

Function: wraps and cushions organs

Location: widely distributed under epithelia of body

adipose connective tissue

structure: adipocytes

function: storage, insulation, protection,

location: subcutaneous layer

reticular connective tissue

structure: reticular fibers

function: stroma of lymphatic organs

location: spleen, lymph nodes

types of dense connective tissue

dense regular, dense irregular, elastic

dense regular connective tissue

structure: collagen fibers, ground substance

Function: unidirectional strength and flexibility

Location: tendons, most ligaments

Dense Irregular CT

structure: collagen fibers, ground substance

function: multidirectional strength and flexibility

location: dermis of skin

elastic connective tissue

structure: elastic fibers, ground substance

function: framework, supports organs

location: walls of large arteries

types of supportive connective tissue

cartilage and bone

types of cartilage tissue

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

hyaline cartilage

Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose

made of chondrocytes in lacuna and extracellular matrix

elastic cartilage

cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; more flexible than hyaline cartilage

made of chondrocytes in lacuna and collagen fibers

Fibrocartilage

cartilage that contains fibrous bundles of collagen, such as that of the intervertebral disks in the spinal cord.

types of fluid connective tissue

blood and lymph

blood connective tissue

fluid extracellular matrix used to transport substances throughout the body.

types of muscle tissue

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

skeletal muscle tissue

the striated and voluntary tissue attached to bones, allowing their movement

cardiac muscle tissue

striated and involuntary, intercalated discs, only found in the heart

smooth muscle tissue

Involuntary, nonstriated muscle is found in the intestines where it pushes food along the digestive tract. Also found in arteries and veins.

types of nervous tissue

neurons and glial cells

Neurons function

process and transmit information

glial cells function

support and protect neurons

nervous tissue location

brain, spinal cord, nerves

two layers of integument

epidermis and dermis