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central tendency
structure determines function
anatomy
The study of body structure
physiology
The study of body function
gross anatomy (macroanatomy)
Study of larger structures that can be seen with the naked eye
microanatomy
Study of microscopic structures
cytology
study of cells
histology
study of tissues
chemical level (1)
atoms (smallest particles) combine to form molecules; levels of organization
molecular level (2)
molecules combine to form macromolecules; levels of organization
organelle level (3)
(macro)molecules combine to form organelles; levels of organization
cellular level (4)
organelles combine to form cells; levels of organization
tissue level (5)
cells (smallest units of life) combine to form tissues; levels of organization
organ level (6)
tissues combine to make organs; levels of organization
organ system level (7)
organs combine to form organ systems; levels of organization
organismal level (8)
all organ systems combine to make the whole organism; levels of organization
integumentary system
Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail
(protects against external threats)
cutaneous membrane
The skin; composed of epidermal and dermal layers
skeletal system
consists of the axial and appendicular skeleton
(protects and supports tissues; stores minerals and forms blood cells)
axial skeleton
the part of the skeleton that includes the skull and spinal column and sternum and ribs
appendicular
pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs
muscular system
locomotion, support, heat production
musculos
the system of bones and skeletal muscles that support and protect the body (skeletal system) and permit movement
axial muscles
support and position axial skeleton
appendicular muscle
supports appendicular skeleton
nervous system
directs immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems
central nervous system
consists of the brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous
the sensory and motor neurons (peripheral nerves) that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
cardiovascular system
The transport system of the body responsible for carrying oxygen and nutrients to the body and carrying away carbon dioxide and other wastes; composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
lymphatic system
Composed of a network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs. Provides defense against infection (crucial for immune system)
respiratory system
A system of organs, functioning in the process of gas exchange between the body and the environment & produces sound
gas exchange
the process by which oxygen is transported to cells and carbon dioxide is transported from cells
digestive system
Breaks down food into smaller molecules. Absorbs these nutrients into the body. Eliminates waste.
endocrine system
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
female reproductive system
produces sex hormones and germ/sex cells (ova), maintains the developing embryo/fetus, and sustains the fetus until birth
male reproductive system
produces sex cells/germ (sperm) and hormones
urinary system
eliminates excess water, salts, and waste products
functions of maintaining life
to maintain: skin, barriers, etc.
to move: locomotion, substances (food, blood, etc.)
to respond: to environmental threats, surroundings, etc.
to digest: breakdown & absorb nutrients
to metabolize: chemically breakdown, build, & produce
to eliminate and excrete: wastes (metabolize, urine, & feces)
to reproduce: future generation(s) & cells
to grow: size & number of cells
survival needs
nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure
homeostasis
the processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment (and if outside of constant state, poor health may occur)
dynamic equilibrium
there is not one fixed state of homeostasis
homeostatic control syste,
regulates and maintains variable(s) within homeostasis
variable
creating a change and/or imbalance within homeostasis
stimulus (1)
produces change in variable; homeostatic control system
receptor (2)
detects stimulus; homeostatic control system
input (3)
information sent along afferent pathway to control center; homeostatic control system
control center (4)
processes the signal and sends instructions; homeostatic control system
output (5)
information is sent along efferent pathway from control center; homeostatic control system
response (6)
output from control center reduces effect of stimulus
negative feedback
A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will counteract the change. Maintains a steady state.
positive feedback
A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will amplify the change. Takes organism away from a steady state.
anatomical position
erect, feet forward, arms at side with palms facing forward, head facing forward
inferior
below; away from the head
Superior
above; toward the head
anterior
front; toward the front
posterior
back; toward the back
medial
middle; toward the midline
lateral
side(s); away from the midline
intermediate
between; between medial and lateral
distal
far; away from the point of attachment
proximal
close; Closer to the point of attachment
superficial
external; towards the surface
deep
internal; away from the surface
anterior trunk (torso)
thorasis (chest)
mamma (breast)
abdomen
umbilicus (navel)
pelvis
anterior cephalon (head)
cranium (skull)
facies (face)
frons (forehead)
nasus (nose)
oculus (eye)
auris (ear)
bucca (cheek)
oris (mouth)
mentis (chin)
anterior upper limb
axilla (armpit)
brachium (arm)
antecubitis (front elbow)
antebrachium (forearm)
carpus (wrist)
anterior lower limb
femur (thigh)
patella (knee cap)
crus (leg)
tarsus (ankle)
anterior manus (hand)
palma (palm)
pollex (thumb)
digits (fingers)
anterior pes (foot)
digits (toes)
mallux (great toe)
cervicus
neck
inguen
groin
pubis
pubic
posterior upper limb
shoulder
dorsum (back)
olecranon (back elbow)
posterior lower limb
gluteus (buttock)
popliteus (back knee)
sura (calf)
calcaneus (heel)
planta (sole)
lumbus
loin, lower back
sections
Cuts or sections made along a body plane
frontal (coronal)
divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
sagittal (median)
divides the body into right and left parts
transverse (cross-section)
divides the body into superior and inferior parts
body cavity
a hollow space within the body that is lined by a membrane and contains bodily organs
dorsal
includes the cranial and spinal cavities.
cranial c
contains the brain; protected by skull
spinal cavity
contains the spinal cord; protected by vertebrae
ventral cavity
thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
thoracic
contains heart and lungs; separated (from abdominopelvic) by diaphragm
left/right pleural cavity
contains the left and right lung
mediastinum cavity
contains the pericardial cavity, and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs (trachea, esophagus, major vessels)
pericardial cavity
contains the heart
abdominopelvic cavity
contains both the abdominal and pelvic cavities; separated by membrane
abdominal cavity
contains primarily the major organs of digestion
pelvic cavity
contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction
abdominpelvic quadrants
RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ
right upper quadrant
Right lobe of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, portions of stomach, small and large intestine
right lower quadrant
contains parts of the small and large intestines, right ovary, right fallopian tube, appendix, right ureter
left upper quadrant
Left lobe of liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of large intestine
left lower quadrant
contains parts of the small and large intestines, left ovary, left fallopian tube, left ureter
abdominopelvic regions
right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac
epigastric
stomach, liver, pancreas, right and left kidneys
umbilical region
small intestine, transverse colon of large intestine
hypogastric (pubic) region
urinary bladder, small intestine, sigmoid colon, female reproductive organs
right inguinal region
cecum, appendix
