Stuttering Lec 1

what is stuttering

disorder of speech production

natural speech flow disrupted by involuntary repetitions of sounds, syllables, or words

typically refers to developmental stuttering

myths about stuttering

ppl who stutter have lower intelligence

stutter bc nervous (but nerve can exaborate it)

stut can be caught thru imitation or hearing another person stutter

tell people to deep breath or think what you want to say

caused by stress (but can aggrevate it)

3 types of stuttering

developmental

neurogenic

psychogenic

developmental stuttering

most common

child onset w/absence of medical disorders or brain trauma

speech disorder

blocks, prolongations, repetition

neurogenic stuttering

brain trauma

rare

psychogenic stuttering

rare

severe trauma combined w/psychiatric illness

stammering

british people call stuttering this

cluttering

rapid speech

may have repetitions or social pragmatic difficulties

dysfluencies

disruptions in ongoing speech

aka moments of stuttering

typical types of dysfluences

phrase repetitions. (i want, i want to go)

revisions (i want, i need to go)

interjections (insert filler word; i um, want to go)

not typical/stuttered dysfluencies

repetitions (sound, syllable, word repetitions; he is ruh-ruh running)

sound prolongation (saying sound for long time; mmmmore)

blocks (laryngeal, articulatory, and/or resp blocks, stoppages of air (i was g----oing)

covert features of stuttering

secondary behaviours used to avoid stuttering (common w/mild stutter; those trying to hide it)

types of covert features include

avoidance of certain sounds or words

using fillers

using another word or circumlocution

lowering voice volume

avoiding speaking; withdrawal

avoiding large groups

fear of exposure as stutterer

percentage of dysfluent syllables

10% or more typically perceived by others as stuttering

types of dysfluencies

within word dysfluencies (bro-brother) seen as more abnormal then bn words (tell, tell)

severity of dysfluency

longer duration blocks often perceived as more atypical

presence of covert and secondary behaviours

esp physical effort, tension, avoidance are signs of true stuttering

spontaneous recovery

many kids recover spontaneously (50-80%)

recovery likelihood decreases w/age

most spontaneous recovery occurs by puberty

spontaneous recovery more oftern with mild

gradual; may have relapse

conditions associated w/spontaneous recovery

speaking more slowly

relaxing

acquiring new attitudes

speaking more

signs of typical or normal dysfluency

onset 2-4yo (same w/true stuttering)

dysfluency = episodic

occurs most when kid excited, upset, under comm pressure

dominant symptom = part word repetitions

mainly at start of sentences

function and content words stuttered

child has little concern abt interruptions in speech

consistent dysfluencies for 3m+ should get referral

signs of true stuttering

AOO: 2-4yo

if not stuttering by 4-5, risk usually passed; onset neyond 9 = unusual (neurological)

older = less frequent for easy repetitions and/or prolongations to be sole symptoms; replaced w/hard contacts

becomes less episodic; periods of fluent speech decrease

on major POS

affective aspects develop

order of affective aspects

emergence of self concept

certain sounds, words, situations seen as difficult

fear developed abt stuttering at school, w/strangers

avoidance ans secondary behaviours may develop

seq suggests stuttering can happen quickly or over time

2 components to true stuttering

motoric - speaker knows what they want to say, can't get muscles to follow

learned - speaker acquires unique behaviours to compensate

some general info about stuttering

occurs mostly during 2 way comm

more apparent in certain places w/in utterance and on certain utterances

explanations of stuttering

involuntary control loss of speech mvmts

adults who stutter often experience anticipation of control loss; behaviours to avert = main symptom

no acoustic or physiological characteristics

no evidence that stutterers have diff brain activity

demographics of stuttering

gender - more common in males; 2:1 in preschoolers; 4:1 or 5:1 in school age/adults

hereditary - thought to run in families; ~30-60%' 3:1

father - freq increases if biological father also stuttered

cause - unknown

gene - may have gene and not stutter

conditions associated w/increased freq of stuttering

audience size

audience status

response delay (time lag bn stimulus and response; turn taking in group)

linguistic factors

fast rate of speech required (time pressure)

conditions associated w/decreases freq of stuttering (decrease by 90-100%)

fluency enhancing conditions

choral reading

shadowing (talking along w/someone at slower rate)

delayed aud feedback

freq altered feedback

prolonged speech

lipped speech

rhythmic speech

singing

conditions associated w/decreases freq of stuttering (decrease by 40-80%)

masking noise

whispering

change in pitch

speaking alone

speaking in time to rhythmic mvmt

linguistic factors influencing stuttering freq

word variables:

phonetic composition: diff sounds --> stuttering in diff ppl; initial consonants more freq stuttered than vowels (open, easier)

grammatical: content words stuttered more (bc hold more info); opposite for children

position of word: initial words stuttered more

longer word stuttered more

less freq word stttered more

more stress = more stutter

high info words = stuttered more

linguistic factors - sentence variables

increases w/longer, complex sentences

words in sentence that are stuttered usualy consistent for indiv (try to avoid/cover up)

biggest topics of discussion abt stuttering

what we call it

do we need to treat it

are indivs who stutter considered neurotypical or neurodiverse

international stuttering awareness day

oct 22