AP bio review- units 1-3

units 1-3 bare bones basics :)

competitive substrates

bind to the active site

Noncompetitive substrates

bind to allosteric site

light reactions

thylakoid

o2 is released and photosytems let the electrons get excited.

calvin cycle

stroma

starts with- 6 CO2, 9 ATP, 6 NADPH

ends with G3P

oxidative phosphorylation

mitochondrial matrix

etc- protons pumped into space, oxygen is final acceptor

chemiososmosis- ATP synthase uses gradient to synthesize ATP

Krebs cycle

mitochondria

results in 1 FADH, 3 NADH, 1 ATP, 2 CO2

pyruvate oxidation

mitochondria

2 pyruvate---> 2 acetyl COa 2 CO2 is released

glycolysis

location- cytosol

glucose-> 2 pyruvate, reduce some nad make some atp ->> 2 NADH, 2 ATP

hypotonic

loses water, LOW solutes

hypertonic

HIGH solute gains water

exocytosis

exitiing, protiens

endocytosis

entering phagocytosis, and pinocytosis

active transport

needs atp! needs protein ! low to high

facillitated diffusion

passive, high to low, needs transport protein, large and charged

simple diffusion

small, nonpolar High to low passive

lysosomes

hydrolytic enzymes, in charge of apoptosis

quaternary folding

polypeptide bonding, attraction of other protien subunits

tertiary folding

3d structures- bonding of r groups of other proteins

secondary folding

alpha helix+beta pleated sheet

primary folding

sequence of amino acids

dehydration synthesis

water is taken out and bonds are formed

hydrolysis-

water added, bonds broken

lipids main elements

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and phosphorous

Nucleic acids main elements

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and nitrogen

Protein Main elements

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur

carbohydrates main elements

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen