Renaissance, Science Revolution, Protestant Reformation

Flashcards about the Renaissance, Scientific Revolution, and Protestant Reformation

Renaissance

A renewed interest in classical culture and the surge of creativity that occurred in Europe.

Humanism

The belief that humanity matters; humans have great potential and should use reason to solve problems.

Secularism

The focus on what can be experienced here and now.

Commercial Revolution

Shift from loosely tied together villages to towns and markets; involved apprenticeships.

Italian City-States

Governed by merchants and traders; competition between them allowed the Renaissance to develop with more innovation.

Medicis

A famous political family in Florence from 1350-1750 who highly influenced the government using their wealth.

Patronage

Financially supporting someone's endeavor (art).

Leonardo da Vinci

Famous sculptor, architect, painter, scientist, engineer during the Renaissance; known for the Last Supper and Mona Lisa.

Michelangelo

Poet, sculptor, and artist from the Renaissance; built the dome on St. Peter's Church and painted the Sistine Chapel.

Andrea Palladio

Famous architect from the Renaissance period; made San Giorgio.

Dante Alighieri

Famous writer during the 14th century; wrote The Divine Comedy.

William Shakespeare

Playwright responsible for assisting in a cultural rebirth in London.

Miguel de Cervantes

Spanish writer who contributed to the Renaissance period; wrote Don Quixote.

Castiglione

Meaning everybody is educated

Machiavelli

Believed rulers should rule with the idea that 'the ends justify the means.'

Galileo Galilei

Used the first telescope; attempted to establish a working theory on the laws of motion and improving the theory of falling objects; worked on heliocentric theory.

Inquisition

Trials related to heresy.

Heliocentric Theory

The theory that everything revolves around the sun (Copernicus' Theory).

Geocentric Theory

The theory that everything revolves around the Earth.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Proved the heliocentric theory.

Johannes Kepler

Discovered the laws of planetary motion, figuring out that we orbit in ellipses.

Sir Isaac Newton

Discovered laws of motion and laws of gravity.

Sir Francis Bacon

Created the scientific method.

Rene Descartes

Created the coordinate plane.

Scientific Method

A combination of Descartes' and Bacon's ideas involving deductive and inductive reasoning.

Mechanistic View of the Universe

The belief that the world is a bunch of formulas and problems that man has to solve.

Carl Linnaeus

Created taxonomy to classify.

Inductive Reasoning

Using concrete facts to extrapolate a conclusion.

Deductive Reasoning

Nothing can be accepted until proven true.

Empiricism

A model of thinking based on the collection of data to prove a hypothesis.

Excommunication

Removal from the Church.

Interdict

Removal of a town, region, or country from the Church.

Tithe

1/10 of one's income to the Church (tax-ish).

Indulgences

Paying your way to heaven (to skip purgatory).

Johann Tetzel

A German priest associated with selling indulgences.

John Wycliffe

Believed to save your soul, you = read the bible yourself. Holiness is not just because you have a high office. Bible should be in your own language.

Lollards

People who followed Wycliffe.

Jan Hus

Translated the Bible into Czech and preached against the sale of indulgences and papal supremacy.

Martin Luther

A German cleric who wrote complaints against the Church (95 theses).

95 Theses

Complaints against the Church written by Martin Luther.

John Calvin

Believed in predestination (heaven or hell is decided before birth).

Henry VIII

Defender of the Faith; created the Anglican Church.

Anglican Church

Created by Henry VII with the king as the leader; allowed divorce.

Act of Supremacy

The ruler of religion = the ruler of England.

Counter-Reformation

The Catholic Church's attempt to rebuild its image after criticisms, to bring in new and keep old followers.

The Council of Trent

Meetings of church officials discussing the Counter-Reformation.

Ignatius Loyola

Founded the Jesuit Order.

Jesuit Order

A group of Catholic missionaries that were sent around to convert people and built schools.

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

Ruler's religion = Your religion.

French Wars of Religion

Wars fought between Catholics and Calvinists.

Huguenots

French Protestants/French Calvinists.

Henry IV

Raised Calvinist, converted to Catholicism, passed the Edict of Nantes.

Edict of Nantes (1598)

Granted religious rights to Huguenots; allowed worship in towns but required them to live in town.

Politique

Doing something for the good of the nation.

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Doing something for the good of the nation.

Ended the 30 yrs war

Johannes Gutenberg

Created mass printing, created in the 1440s but an exact year would be 1455