SBCC Astronomy 101 final

Which was seen by Galileo

Stellar Parallax

How big is the Milkyway

100,000 Light years

Precession Cycle

26,000 years

according to kepler's 3rd law, the square of the planets period in years is...

proportional to the cube of its semi major axis in A.U.

Kepler's second Law (equal areas) implies..

a planet moves faster when it is closer to the sun

aristotle's hypothesis

only a spherical earth would always cast a circular shadow on the moon.

the number of waves passing over the observer is

frequency in Hertz

which design is subject to chromatic aberration

refractor

Ptolemic model persisted for all of these reasons EXCEPT:

it accounted well for Galileo's observations of the phase cycle of Venus

The Ecliptic

the apparent path of the Sun on the celestial sphere

Kepler's first law worked, where Copernicus' original Heliocentric model failed, because Kepler described the orbit as:

elliptical, not circular

Kepler's third law (period law) imply's:

planets further from the sun orbit at a slower speed than the planets closer to the sun.

colors appear different because of their photons project different:

wavelengths

both sound waves and electromagnetic radiation

transfer energy

Tycho brahe's contribution to Kepler's laws of planetary motion

his detailed and accurate observations of the planets positions

neap tides

a tide just after the first or third quarters of the moon when there is the least difference between high and low water.

spring tides

a tide just after a new or full moon, when there is the greatest difference between high and low water.

universe largest to smallest

universe, local, group, Milkyway, etc

stars like our sun emit most of their light in:

ultraviolet light

where would you be if the sun passes through your zenith on december 21

Tropic of Capricorn

zenith

the point in the sky or celestial sphere directly above an observer.

the force of gravity varies with the

-product of two masses

-inverse square of the distance separating the two bodies

the visible color of electromagnetic radiation that has the shortest wave length

violet

there are no x-ray telescopes on earth because

x-rays do not penetrate the earths atmosphere

there are no radio telescopes in space because

radio waves penetrate the earths atmosphere, no need

a solar eclipse can only happen during a

new moon phase

where on earth can you observe all of the stars in the sky over the course of an entire year

the equator

which was a contribution made to astronomy by copernicus

he laid out the order and the relative motion of the known solar system.

what has wavelengths longer than visible light

infrared

what is the primary purpose of an astronomical telescope

to capture as much light as possible and bring it to focus

that polaris will not always be the pole star is due to

precession shifting of celestial pole

on which assumptions do ptolemy and copernicus agree

all orbits must be perfect circles

driving eastward just before sunrise, if you observe the moon in the eastern sky, its phase must be.

waning crescent

how does newtons universal law of gravitation explain keplers laws

-planets further from the sun will move more slowly

-planets closer to the sun will move faster

if you are in the moons umbral shadow then you will witness

a total solar eclipse

why are most large telescopes reflectors, not refractors

all of the above

law of universal gravitation was developed by

Newton

On which point do copernicus and Kepler disagree?

The orbits of the planets are ellipses with one focus at the sun

if all of the visible colors are mixed together, what color of light would appear

white light

uranus and neptune do not contain liquid metallic hydrogen because

not massive enough

the higher the frequency of light the _ each photon contains

more energy

clouds of venus are made of

sulfuric acid

sunspots are

cooler than their surroundings

both jupiter and saturn

all of the above

why is saturn moon titan able to retain an atmosphere

it has a large enough mass and cold enough

what is the reason that the interior of the earth is hot

-heat from original formation

-radioactive decay of elements in the mantle

mars has sufficient mass and a low enough temperature that water molecules could exist in its atmosphere as vapor. one reason mars' atmosphere does not contain significant water vapor is:

ultraviolet radiation breaks the water molecule into less massive particles that can escape

the flow patterns found on the surface of mars and the number of craters on top of them suggest that

the climate on mars was different billions of years ago

driving due east just before sunrise, you observe the moon low in the eastern sky. what phase is it in ?

waning crescent

satellites discovered by galileo

orbit the planet jupiter

uranus and neptune appear blue/ blue-green because

traces of methane in their atmospheres absorb red light very efficiently

_ is a satellite of uranus

miranda

in contrast to the outer solid mantle, parts of the central regions of earths interior are thought to be fluid because

s seismic waves cannot make it though those regions

the atmosphere of _ contains mostly nitrogen with some methane.

titan

saturn rings are

in the plane of the planets equator

the sidereal rotation of mercury is about 59 days, while the revolution takes about 88 days. this means that 3 rotations of mercury occur every 2 times it orbits the sun. the length of a mercury "day" from noon to noon is.

176 days

the magnetic fields of uranus and neptune are peculiar in that they are

highly inclined to their planets axis of rotation

jupiter and saturn emit _ heat than absorbed from the sun due to the _

more; heat left over from their formation

the himalayan mountains are rugged, jagged peaks and the appalachians are smooth and rolling. Why the difference.

appalachians are much older and have been smoothed down by erosion.

slow surface evolution is caused by

-plate techtonics

-wind erosion

the extreme size of volcanoes on mars indicates that

-mars has a much thicker crust than earth

-large moving plates have not formed on mars

the roche limit is the

distance from a planet within which a smaller body cannot hold itself together

moon of saturn nick named "death star"

mimas

an atom that is excited

can emit a photon when the electron moves to a lower energy level

the theory that mercury shrank slightly when it was young has been proposed to explain

lobate scarps

the gas motions within granules on the solar surface are

upward in the bright cell centers and downward around the dark edges

the reason pluto was demoted to a dwarf planet is because

it does not clear out its orbital path

the _ occurs when a rapidly rotating conductor is stirred by convection to produce a magnetic field

dynamo effect

the atmospheric pressure at the surface of venus is

about 90 times that of earth

the central regions of the earths core are solid because

the pressure at the center raises the melting point

each element has its own set of characteristic absorption lines because

electron energy levels differ from each other

stars like our sun emit most of their light in

visible light

what kind of geological activity is seen on Neptune's triton

volcanoes of molten lave similar to earth have been seen there

moons of mars include

-deimos

-phobos

the old surfaces of icy satellites of jovian planets

appear dark in color with many impact craters

auroras around a body indicate that it has

a magnetic field

new horizons space craft found all EXCEPT

a surface ocean of liquid nitrogen

which galilean statellite is most geologically active

io

why would a decrease in the density of the ozone layer create a public health concern

ultraviolet radiation from the sun would bombard the earth

Europa has few craters because

it has erased craters nearly as fast as they have formed

why do nuclear fusion reactions only take place in the interior of a star

-the temperature is hottest in the center

-the density of material is very high in the center

A _ blank is a meteor that explodes before reaching the ground, some fragments will hit the ground

bolide

the creation of _ requires that a young hot star (T 25,000) be relatively near by

emission nebulae

parallax would be easier to measure if

the earths orbit was larger

for observations of stars as from earth, the measurements are taken six months apart. the baseline of observation is

2AU

we know that giant stars are larger in diameter than the sun because

they are more luminous but have about the same temp

stars with masses between .4 and 4

undergo thermonuclear fusion and hydrogen and helium, but never get hot enough to ignite carbon

a short period comet typically has a period of _ originated in the kuiper belt

less than 200 years

the radiation of a star has a max intensity in ultraviolet (250nm). What is the likely temp of this star

10,000K

what observation made of other stars seems to suggest the solar nebulae hypothesis is correct

young stars are found to have hot disks surround them

emission nebulae are also called _ because they are composed of ionized hydrogen

HII regions

discovered on pluto all of the following except

a surface ocean of liquid nitrogen

_ is the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen to form helium operating in the cores of massive stars on the main sequence

CNO Cycle

what are the two largest stages in life of a one solar mass star

main sequence, white dwarf

if you compare two stars

the one with the largest absolute magnitude will always have the greatest luminosity

white dwarf is composed of

carbon and oxygen nuclei, degenerate electrons

small dark nebulae about 1 light year in diameter contain 10-100 solar masses

bok globules

solar wind from our sun is made up of

all of the above

red giant stars are

I, II, III, IV

_ is the separation of material in a newly formed planet or asteroid according to density this happens when an object becomes molten

differentiation