World Civ II Midterm I

Absolutism

The acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters.

Middle Class

valued themselves more on the money they make rather than their last name

Thomas Hobbes

believed that mankind was innately evil-incapable of self-rule

Leviathan

Thomas Hobbes’ book stating that self rule would only bring anarchy and that a king was necessary

Divine Right

kings were placed on the throne by god and were only answerable bu him the right of a sovereign to rule as set forth by the theory of government that holds that a monarch receives the right to rule directly from God and not from the people

Geocentric Theory

states that there were seven crystal spears surrounding earth, containing planets, stars, and heaven

Rene Descartes

wrote discourse on method, stating that you should not believe things that you cannot prove, and that reason should be applied to all things to understand their reality, “I think, therefore I am”

Discourse on method

published in 1637, Descartes talks about how refuses to believe knowledge that cannot be found within himself or in the great book of the world

Francis Bacon

took Descartes way of thinking and developed an idea in order to prove himself (scientific method)

New Method

term for the scientific method

Scientific method

A method of procedure that has characterized natural sciences the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, an experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypothesis.

Copernicus

made detailed observations on the planets’ revolutions, postulated the heliocentric theory

Gallileo

invented the telescope to take more accurate readings of the planets’ orbits and proved the heliocentric theory

Newton

invented principia matematica and the laws of gravity the first law is that an object will not change it’s motion unless a force acts upon it the second law the force on an object is equal to its mass times its acceleration the third law when two objects interact they apply forces to each other of equal magnitude and opposite direction. 

Principia matemática

calculus

Heliocentric Theory

sun is the center of the galaxy

Voltaire

challenged the divine right of kings and wrote Candide as satire

Candide

a satire written by voltaire that suggests that we do not live in a perfect, god captained world, instead suggesting the world is messy.

Locke

wrote an essay on the origin of human understanding goes against Hobbes’ idea that humanity is evil.An English philosopher and political theorist. He is recognized as the founder of British empiricism and the author of the first systematic exposition and defense of political liberalism.

Essay on the origin of human understanding

goes against Hobbes’ idea that humankind is innately evil and instead says that is influenced by society, meaning if someone is evil, it is because society caused it. makes a huge change written by Locke

Second treatise on government

suggested that humankind started in a state of nature and that as this expanded and became more modern and eroded, humankind became evil

Adam Smith

writes the wealth of nations and says that a government controlled economy is the worst kind of economy, instead the economy should run itself (Laissez-faire economy) and believes that the economy will be regulated through the law of supply and demand

Wealth of Nations

says that a government controlled economy is the worst kind of economy, instead the economy should run itself (Laissez-faire economy) and believes that the economy will be regulated through the law of supply and demand

Supply and demand

the more an item is needed the more it will be produced

rousseau

agrees with Locke but goes further, saying that the government s should reflect on the general will of the people

the social contract

says that the governments should reflect on the general will of the people

settlement colonies

colonies built for the purpose of settling and starting lives

trading colonies

colonies built for the purpose of producing goods and trading

benign neglect

after colonies were made in America, Britain began to do ____________. their main purpose was to protect us and fight wars for us but did not do much else

French and Indian war/7 years war

Britain stopped fighting wars for the colonies after this, as it became too expensive. ends as a draw in Britain but is undecided in the new world. the French are driven from North America, as well as the Spanish, however Britain is now broke and begins benign neglect

George III

king of Britain during this time and is becoming a tyrant after losing all of Britains money in the war, begins taxing the colonies

Greenville Program

Britains first effort to tax the colonies, American colonists cannot move west of the Appalachian mountains, and founds forts in the mountains to stop colonists from moving, puts levies tax on imported items also knows as a stamp tax

Stamp Tax

taxes on imported goods

Stamp tax congress

colonial response to boycott from buying British goods in order to avoid Britains taxation

direct tax

A tax, such as income tax, which is levied on the income or profits of the person who pays it, rather than on goods or services.

indirect tax

a tax that is levied upon goods and services before they reach the customer who ultimately pays ___________as a part of market price of the good or service purchased

Townshend duties

import tariffs on widely sold items such as tea and wine

Boston massacre

the colonists start a boycott which gets violent

crispus Attucks

was the first to die in the bottom massacre and was a black man which caused a lot of uproar

lord north

lowers the price of tea that is imported into the colonies so that more people would buy it, ultimately putting the colonial tea smugglers out of business, north would then re-raise the prices after all the smugglers have been pushed out of business

east India company

the tea monopoly that supplied Britain

Boston tea party

resulted of Britains third attempt at taxing the colonists

intolerable acts

king George III shuts down the Boston ports, revokes colonial charter of Massachusetts, and colonial crimes will now be tried in England The act authorized the Royal Navy to blockade Boston Harbor because “the commerce of his Majesty's subjects cannot be safely carried on there."

first continental congress

the colonists want to go back to benign neglect, again saying there can be no taxation without representation, however they do prepare themselves for Britain to fight back

concord and Lexington

two of the major arms depots in Massachusetts in the beginning of the revolutionary war

George Washington

(especially his military side): led the continental army against the British, knew he would lose if he fought the war normally, so he developed a new method using time and will to fight which is a major thing for history Also the first president of the US.

Saratoga

October 1777, prompted France to join the world which distracted Britain

Yorktown

1781, Washington defeats Cornwallis with French help which prompts Britain to sign the treaty of Paris in 1783, which frees the colonies from British rule

articles of confederation

America’s first attempt at a government up until 1787, which was a very weak central government and gave more power to the individual states and fail to protect the states

federalists

led by Alexander Hamilton, wanted a stronger central government

radical democrats

led by Aaron burr, wanted the states to have more individual power as they believed the government would begin to stomp not he people if they had too much power

constitutional convention

happened in 1787, the federalists win which brings it to the constitutional convention and burr and his fellow democrats flee, leaving the federalists to take control

bill of rights

the federalists are running the government, but they need the democrats help to pass the constitution, however the democrats fear that it lacks the rights of the people so they demand that more rights be added in order to pass, and so the first ten amendments, and the ___________, is created

three estates

within French absolutist state, there are three groups of people: clergy, nobility, and third estate. top two have special rights and pay no taxes

third estate

pay taxes, consists of wealthy, middle class, and poor. the other estates are the royal or someone related to them, and while the ____________ does include wealthy people, these wealthy people have no relation to the royal

Louis XVI

married to marie Antoinette but is a weak and indecisive king

marie antoinette

mariried to Louis XVI but is out of touch they caused lots of problems for France

assembly of notables

Louis XVI and France is broke, so he resorts to the assembly of notables, he asks the notability and clergy men of France if he can tax them, they say they will think about it if Louis XVI calls the estates general

estates general

a tricameral legislative that hasn’t met in over 200 years: Louis XVI calls them but quickly realizes that this will give the power to the nobility and clergymen so Louis tries to get the third estate on his side, however, the third estate realizes that even though they make up a large majority of the population, they realize that they will always be outvoted, third estate wants votes to be counted by how many people you represent, giving the power two them

tennis court oath

Louis thinks the third estate taking power is a bad idea, so he asks them to rebuke their power, the third estate signs the ___________________, declaring that they will write a new constitution for France and a dispute opens, leaving the third estate the room to take over leaving Louis with almost no power

Paris mob

Louis calls in 18,000 Swiss soldiers to take back power from the third estate. however, this group has no actual power or army, just an idea for a written constitution who are about to get arrested and killed so they call the power of the __________ and storm the king

Bastille

July 14, 1789, the Paris mob assaults the chief symbol of the kings power in Paris, the ________

versailles

where Louis palace is located and where the infamous food riot and “let them eat cake” occurs

declaration of the rights of man

Social distinctions can be based only on public utility. The aim of every political Association is the preservation of the natural an imprescriptible rights of man. These roads are liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression.

civil constitution of the clergy

constitution of 1791, Louis XVI still has power but not much, however, this constitution does not give poor people the right to vote a law passed on 12 July 1790 during the French Revolution, that caused the immediate subordination of most of the Catholic Church in France to the French government.

constitution of 1791

sews the seed of its own destruction The first written constitution in France created after the collapse of the absolute monarchy. the revolutionary government's first attempt at a written constitutional document

Jacobins

a French radical party that wants to kill the king and destroy the other parties and wants to run France as a total democracy with equality for all, including voting and taxes. Eventually all slaughtered in what's known as the white terror.

robespierre

Leader of the Jacobins, who had killed Louis and Marie via guillotine, and was leader during the time the most European countries had joined the war against France.

committee for public safety

Meant to turn in everyone who was against the French revolution, formed by Robespierre. After starting the rain of terror and after it is, Robespierre is still too hungry for power, so the Jacobins and turn against him instead of him to death by guillotine in July 1794.

reign of terror

1793 to 1794, 25,000 people were killed for being against the revolution after being turned in through the committee for public safety. a period of the French Revolution that was conspicuous for mass executions of political suspects

Napoleon

A young French captain originally hired to guard the leading socialites as the husband of lead socialite, Josephine. Leads France to victory in many battles of the French revolution, until he decides to invade Egypt as a means of fighting Britain and loses to Admiral Nelson at the battle of the nile .

Josephine

Napoleon's wife and leading socialite after the Jacobins are all slaughtered.

nelson

Becomes napoleons biggest enemy after defeating him at the battle of the Nile during the French revolution

battle of the nile

Battle in Egypt in which Napoleon is defeated in an attempt to attack Britain, although it is not clear why he invaded Egypt.

trafalgar

Napoleon's worst defeat around the same time of his greatest win,austerlitz, in which he realize he did not stand a chance to successfully invade and defeat Britain

Austerlitz

The war against the third coalition in which Napoleon's way of leading his army was really seen. Napoleon led his army by commitment and faith, rather than out of fear in the Cecily, giving him the largest and best army out of the many European countries.

continental system

After winning Austerlitz, Napoleon rules much of Europe and puts in place the ______________, which is an effort to rule Europe and make it in the eyes of France. Spain ops out in 1808 and Napoleon invades Spain.

leipzig

After retreating from Moscow, Russia, Napoleon is defeated at ________ in 1808 and is taken as a prisoner to the island of Elba.

Waterloo

Napoleon escapes Elba and loses another battle at ________, where he is arrested again and take him to Saint Helena where he dies as a British prisoner.

clausewitz

Wrote on war and described war as a state of well-being or as a political thing, after analyzing and trying to figure out Napoleon's ideology for fighting war. Decides the best war is when you don't fight. Develops the _________ theory – politics (government), chance (military), passion (people)

Haiti

On the island of Dominica. Francis most valuable colony with 8000 sugar plantations and makes up 33% of France is trade imports. New Orleans is there to use the sugar to make rum slaves make up 88% of the population in slavery there is brutal.

L’Ouverture

A Haitian general in the most prominent leader of the Haitian revolution. During his life, he thought he first fought against the French, then for them, and then finally against France again for the cause of Haitian independence.

End of slavery in Haiti

Begins once the French revolution hits _____ and rich whites versus poor whites and mulattos begins, however, it soon becomes a slave revolt with 500,000 slaves versus 40,000 white people. Britain tries to intervene however France has already ended slavery in 1793.

Agricultural revolution

Uses better farm implements, scientific breeding, and drainage and opening of new land to produce far more food.

Enclosure Movement

Production is up by 80% and requires fewer people on the land to work, which leads to urbanization.

Thomas Malthus

British population shut up from 10 million in 1801 to 38000,000 in 1901, and a surge of growth was present all over Europe, forcing _____________ to forecast the end of the world.

Essay on the Principle of Population

Thomas Malthus wrote a book that explains the Malthus theory that the human population grows more rapidly than the food supply until famine, war or disease reduces the population.

Irish Potato Famine

Malthus logic is seen in Ireland, where the population sword in 1800s from 4,000,000 to 9,000,000. Ireland was a single crop economy based on potatoes and so in 1845, when a blight struck the potato crop in the crop production was cut by 3/4, starvation setting in while Britain could

Why did the Industrial revolution begin in Britain?

A huge population of people is looking for work due to the agricultural revolution. The easiest form of transport is the sea in Britain is in an island and has the largest navy to protect its own ships plus the largest number of merchant ships in colonies. Britain is also already very wealthy due to triangular trade in Haiti with a very stable government that hasn't been invited like its rivals such as Germany in the United States.

Piece system

Clothes are made of wool or burlap and I'm very hard and timely to produce people are lucky to have one change of clothes per year. New products and produce clothes would make someone a lot of money.

John Kay

Is the first to make a new clothing invention, the flying shuttle, which produces him a lot of money. Lum's, which with strands of yarn into cloth one strand of time, had already been produced, Soke invented the flying shuttle which attaches to the loom and makes producing clothes 10 times faster, however, yarn is still being spun by hand so all this doesn't crease cloth production, it does not increase your production.

Flying shuttle

A device that attaches to the loom and produces clothes 10 times faster, invented by John K.

James Hargreaves

Invented the spinning Jenny, named after his daughter, which produces yarn 10 times faster than it would be handspun.

spinning Jenny

Invented by James Hargreaves in order to produce yarn faster.

Eli whitney

Cotton had been a more preferable material to wall but was very expensive due to the time it took to remove the seeds from the cotton by hand, so _________ invented the Cottongin which mechanically removes the seeds much faster. The cotton economy in both southern US and Britain become rich as cotton clothes are being produced and sold much faster and is the key to the industrial revolution.

cotton gin

Invented by Eli Whitney to mechanically remove the seeds from cotton plants, which of a production and selling much faster and his key to the industrial revolution for both Britain and the south.

James watt

Invented the steam engine, which mechanically pumps water out of the Colemans in Britain. Call has been a big thing in Britain but was needed to be dug from way deeper than before it took a lot of man and horsepower to remove the water from his coma's, so why in Vince the steam engine.

steam engine

Invented by James Watson mechanical pump water out of deep coma odds, rather than using horsepower to do so.

factory

Before factories, clothing was being made in homes, however, many machines were brought together into one building called a factory in order to produce clothing and other goods. All these things put together ultimately made the industrial revolution.

bessemer

The industrial material of choice was iron, as it was cheaper, but it was also more fragile, people have known how to make steel, but it was too expensive for many people to use because it took so long to meet, however, ____________ in Bennett away to smelt iron into steel cheap.