Introduction to Computer Systems and Memory

A comprehensive set of flashcards covering the basics of computer definitions, components, memory types, peripheral devices, and software categories based on the introductory lecture notes.

What is the origin and meaning of the word "Computer"?

The word comes from the Latin word "Computare," which means "to calculate."

What is the technical definition of a computer?

An electronic programmable device that accepts raw data (input), processes it according to a set of instructions (program), stores it if necessary, and produces meaningful information (output).

What is the difference between Data and Information?

Data is a collection of raw facts and figures without meaning on its own (e.g., "Ram", "$95$"), while Information is processed, organized data with a meaningful purpose (e.g., "Ram scored $95$ marks").

What does the acronym GIGO stand for in computing?

Garbage In, Garbage Out, meaning that wrong input produces wrong output.

In the IPOS cycle, what are the four basic functions of a computer?

Input, Processing, Output, and Storage.

Which component is considered the "brain" of the computer?

The CPU (Central Processing Unit).

What are the three main components of the CPU?

The Control Unit (CU), the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), and Registers.

What is the function of the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)?

It performs all arithmetic calculations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) and logical comparisons ($>, <, =, \neq$).

What is the role of the Motherboard?

It is the main Printed Circuit Board (PCB) that acts as the backbone of the computer, connecting all hardware components and allowing them to communicate.

What is the purpose of a Data Bus?

A set of electrical pathways on the motherboard that carries data between the CPU, memory, and input/output devices.

How is Primary Memory characterized?

It is internal memory directly accessed by the CPU, semiconductor-based, fast, expensive, and has limited storage capacity.

Why is RAM considered "volatile"?

Because its contents are erased when the power is turned off.

What is the difference between SRAM and DRAM?

SRAM (Static RAM) uses flip-flops and does not need refreshing, whereas DRAM (Dynamic RAM) uses capacitors and requires continuous refreshing thousands of times per second.

What are the components and functions of ROM (Read Only Memory)?

ROM is non-volatile memory that permanently stores firmware and booting instructions, such as BIOS/UEFI.

Define EEPROM.

Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory, which can be erased and reprogrammed electrically without being removed from the computer.

What is Cache Memory?

A very small, ultra-fast memory located inside or near the CPU that stores frequently used data to reduce CPU waiting time.

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What is the primary difference between an HDD and an SSD?

An HDD (Hard Disk Drive) is a magnetic storage device with rotating disks, while an SSD (Solid State Drive) uses flash memory chips with no moving parts, making it faster and more durable.

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What is Cloud Storage?

An online storage service where data is stored on remote servers and accessed through the Internet.

What is the difference between Soft Copy and Hard Copy output?

Soft copy is electronic output (e.g., on a Monitor) that cannot be touched, whereas hard copy is physical output printed on paper (e.g., from a Printer).

How does an LED monitor differ from an LCD monitor?

An LED monitor uses Light Emitting Diodes for backlighting, providing better brightness and efficiency, while an LCD uses fluorescent lamps.

Categorize printers into their two main types.

Impact Printers (e.g., Dot Matrix) and Non-Impact Printers (e.g., Laser, Inkjet).

Which port transmits both high-quality digital video and audio through a single cable?

HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface).

What are Peripheral Devices?

Hardware components connected to a computer (like keyboards, printers, or external HDDs) that extend its capabilities but are not part of the CPU.

What is System Software?

Programs designed to manage and control computer hardware.

What is the function of a Language Processor?

It translates programs written in high-level or assembly languages into machine language ($0s$ and $1s$) that the computer can understand.

Contrast a Compiler and an Interpreter.

A compiler translates the entire program at once before execution, while an interpreter translates and executes the code one line at a time.

What is Utility Software?

System software designed to maintain, protect, and optimize the computer, such as Antivirus, Disk Cleanup, or Compression tools (WinRAR).

What is the difference between Open Source and Proprietary Software?

Open source software has publicly available source code that can be modified (e.g., Linux), while proprietary software is owned by a company with hidden source code and restricted usage (e.g., Windows).