APHUG Unit 2 Vocab

Population Distribution

The pattern of where people live across a certain area, showing how population is spread out over space.

Population Density

The number of people living per unit area, typically expressed in persons per square kilometer or square mile.

Demography

The statistical study of populations, including the structure, distribution, and trends in population changes.

Cultural Factors influencing population distribution

Factors like religion, language, ethnicity, social customs, and historical events that can attract or repel populations from certain areas.

Economic Factors influencing population distribution

Factors like job opportunities, industrial development, infrastructure, and resource availability that influence where people choose to live.

Political Factors influencing population distribution

Government policies, stability, presence of conflict, human rights, and administrative convenience that impact residential choices.

Climate Factors influencing population distribution

Temperature, rainfall, humidity, and extreme weather events that determine the habitability and desirability of a region.

Landform Factors influencing population distribution

Physical features of the earth's surface like mountains, plains, valleys, deserts, and coastlines which influence ease of settlement, agriculture, and transportation.

Freshwater Factors influencing population distribution

The availability of clean, accessible water sources like rivers, lakes, and groundwater essential for human survival, agriculture, and industry.

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

Arithmetic Population Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Physiological Population Density

The total number of people divided by the amount of arable (farmable) land.

Agricultural Population Density

The number of farmers divided by the total amount of arable land.

Carrying Capacity

The maximum population size that an environment can sustain indefinitely, given the available resources.

Population Pyramid

A graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population, broken down by gender, typically forming a pyramid shape.

Rapid Growth

A population pyramid shape characterized by a wide base (high birth rates) and a rapidly narrowing top, indicating a young population with high fertility and mortality rates.

Stable/slow growth

A population pyramid shape characterized by a more rectangular or column-like appearance, indicating lower birth rates and longer life expectancies, leading to a more evenly distributed age structure.

declining/negative growth

A population pyramid shape that is inverted or has a narrower base than the middle or top, indicating birth rates below replacement level and an aging or shrinking population.

Disrupted growth

A population pyramid shape that shows irregularities or gaps, often due to specific historical events like wars, epidemics, or significant migrations, affecting particular age groups or genders.

Total Fertility Rate

The average number of children a woman is expected to have over her lifetime, assuming current age-specific fertility rates.

Birth Rate

The number of live births per 1,000 people in a population per year.

Replacement fertility level

The average number of children a couple must have to replace themselves in the next generation, usually around 2.1 children per woman, accounting for mortality.

Mortality (death) rate

The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population per year.

Infant Mortality Rate

The number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births.

Child Mortality Rate

The number of deaths of children between the ages of one and five per 1,000 live births.

Maternal Mortality Rate

The number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births, where a maternal death is the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management.

Emigration

The act of leaving one's own country to settle permanently in another; moving out of a place.

Immigration

The action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country; moving into a place.

Net Migration

The difference between the number of immigrants (in-migrants) and the number of emigrants (out-migrants) for a particular region or country during a specific period.

Transnational Migration

A process of movement and settlement across international borders in which individuals maintain connections and engage in activities in both the country of origin and the country of destination.

Internal Migration

The movement of people within the borders of a single country.

Population Doubling Time

The amount of time it takes for a given population to double in size, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

Demographic Transition Model

A model that describes population change over time, involving four or five stages of birth rates, death rates, and total population as a country develops economically.

Epidemiologic Transition

A theoretical concept describing the shift in disease patterns in a population over time, from widespread infectious diseases to chronic and degenerative diseases, typically accompanying demographic and economic development.

Thomas Malthus (1798)

An English economist who argued that population growth would inevitably outstrip food production, leading to famine and misery, unless checked by moral restraint or other factors.

Neo-Malthusian

Advocates of population control programs to ensure resources for current and future populations, extending Malthus's ideas to include concerns about environmental degradation and resource depletion.

Ester Boserup (1965)

A Dutch economist who challenged Malthusian theory, arguing that population growth can stimulate agricultural innovation and increased food production to meet rising demand.

Pro-natalist population policies

Government policies designed to encourage larger families and increase birth rates, often through incentives like parental leave, childcare subsidies, or financial bonuses for having children.

Anti-natalist population policies

Government policies aimed at reducing birth rates, often through measures like access to contraception, family planning education, or, in some cases, coercive restrictions on family size.

Immigration policies

Government regulations that control the entry, residence, and working conditions of foreign nationals, influencing who can migrate and under what circumstances.

Ravenstein’s laws of migration (1885)

A set of generalizations about the patterns of human migration, including ideas that most migrants move short distances, step by step, and that urban areas attract migrants from longer distances.

Population aging

A shift in the age structure of a population towards a larger proportion of older people, typically resulting from increased life expectancy and decreased birth rates.

Life expectancy:

The average number of years a person is expected to live based on current mortality rates for a given population.

Social consequences of an aging population

Impacts such as increased demand for elder care, changes in family structures, potential intergenerational conflicts, and shifts in social priorities and cultural norms.

Economic consequences of an aging population

Effects like a shrinking workforce, increased burden on social security and pension systems, higher healthcare costs, and potential shifts in consumer spending patterns.

Political consequences of an aging population

Outcomes such as increased political influence of older voters, demands for policies addressing aging-related issues, potential strain on public budgets, and debates over immigration to offset workforce declines.

Dependency ratio

A measure showing the number of dependents

Pull factors

Factors that attract people to a new location, such as economic opportunities, political stability, better climate, or access to resources.

Push factors

Factors that compel people to leave their original location, such as economic hardship, political persecution, environmental degradation, or conflict.

Intervening opportunity

An alternative destination that a migrant finds more attractive than their original intended destination, causing them to settle there instead.

Intervening obstacle

Any barrier that hinders migration, such as geographical features (mountains, oceans), political restrictions (visa requirements), or financial limitations.

Ethnic cleansing

The systematic forced removal of ethnic or religious groups from a given territory by a more powerful ethnic group, often involving violence and intimidation.

Forced migration

The coerced movement of a person or people away from their home or home region, often due to factors like conflict, natural disasters, or government orders.

Internally displaced person (internal refugee)

Someone who has been forced to flee their home but has not crossed an internationally recognized state border, remaining within their own country.

Voluntary migration

Migration based on an individual's free will and initiative, driven by perceived opportunities or a desire for a better quality of life in a new location.

Transnational migration

A pattern of movement where people regularly move between two or more countries, often maintaining social, economic, and cultural ties in multiple places simultaneously.

Internal migration

The movement of people from one area to another within the same country.

Transhumance

A type of seasonal migration of livestock, often accompanied by herders, between different pastures according to the season.

Chain migration

Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality or ethnicity have previously migrated there.

Step migration

Migration that occurs in a series of shorter, less extreme moves, often from a rural area to a small town, then to a larger town, and finally to a city.

Guest workers

Foreign laborers allowed to enter a country temporarily to fill specific labor shortages, often in low-skill or physically demanding jobs, with the expectation that they will return to their home country.

Rural to urban migration

The movement of people from countryside areas into cities, typically driven by the search for better economic opportunities, services, and amenities.

Political Effects of Migration

Impacts on national sovereignty, changes in voting patterns, emergence of new political parties or movements, diplomatic relations between countries, and debates over immigration policies.

Economic Effects of Migration

Contributions to labor supply, remittances sent home by migrants, impact on wages, changes in consumption patterns, and potential strain on social services and infrastructure.

Cultural Effects of Migration

Creation of multicultural societies, exchange of ideas and traditions, potential for cultural assimilation or segregation, linguistic changes, and shifts in social norms and values.