Biological Macromolecules Flashcards

Flashcards covering the properties, structures, and functions of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids.

What four elements comprise carbohydrates?

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

What is the most common monosaccharide?

Glucose

What two monosaccharides form sucrose?

Glucose and Fructose

What polysaccharide do plants use to store excess glucose?

Starch

What polysaccharide do animals use to store glucose?

Glycogen

What is the formula for a monosaccharide with 4 carbons?

C4H8O4

What five elements comprise proteins?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur

What two functional groups do all amino acids possess?

Amino group, and carboxyl group

What are the three categories of amino acid side chains?

Nonpolar (hydrophobic), polar (hydrophilic), and charged/ionic (hydrophilic)

What is the bond between two amino acids called?

Peptide bond

What determines the 3D shape of a protein?

The sequence of amino acids

What determines the primary structure of a protein?

Genes

What are the two forms of nucleic acids?

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

What three parts comprise a nucleotide?

Nitrogenous base, five carbon sugar (pentose), and phosphate group(s)

What are the two types of nitrogenous bases?

Pyrimidines and purines

What are the three pyrimidines?

Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil

What are the two purines?

Adenine, Guanine

What sugar is found in DNA?

Deoxyribose

What sugar is found in RNA?

Ribose

How does adenine bond to in RNA?

Uracil

What three types of lipids were discussed?

Fats, phospholipids, and steroids

What two components comprise fats?

Glycerol and fatty acids

What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid?

Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds, unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds

What is the major component of cell membranes?

Phospholipids

What is the basic structure of steroids?

Four fused rings