18.1 An Overview of Blood

what is blood

a connective tissue

what is blood made of

cellular elements and an extracellular matrix

what are cellular elements composed of

RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

what is another name for cellular elements

formed elements

what are formed elements

cellular components of blood that is, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

what does RBC stand for

red blood cells

what are RBCs

one of the formed elements of blood that transport oxygen

what is another name for RBCs

eukaryotes

what does WBCs stand for

white blood cells

what are WBCs

one of the formed elements of blood that provides defense against disease agents and foreign materials

what is another name for WBCs

leukocytes

what is the extracellular matrix composed in blood

plasma

what is plasma

the liquid in blood that is composed of mostly water that circulates the formed elements and dissolved materials throughout the cardiovascular system

what are the primary functions of blood

transportation, defense, distribution of heat, and maintenance of homeostasis

what does blood transport in the bloodstream

nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and wastes

how does blood function as a defense

WBCs protect the body from internal and external threats, and excessive blood lost

how does blood maintain the maintenance of homeostasis

regulates body temperature and water content of body cells, and has proteins and other compounds to act as buffers to maintain pH

what is a hematocrit

a blood test that measures the percentage of RBCs in a whole sample of blood

what is the buffy coat

a thin layer that separates the erythrocyte from the plasma in a sample of centrifuged blood

what is the buffy coat composed of

leukocytes, platelets, and thrombocytes

what is another name for thrombocytes

cell fragments

how much percentage does the buffy coat make up in a blood centrifuged sample

less than 1%

in females, what is the normal blood hematocrit

37-47%

in males, what is the normal blood hematocrit

42-52%

what is anemia

deficiency of RBCs or hemoglobins

what is polycythemia

elevated level of hemoglobin

what is the packed cell volume (PCV)

hematocrit, volume of erythrocytes after centrifugation

what is another name for hematocrit

packed cell volume (PCV)

what are the characteristics of blood

color, viscosity, temperature, pH, % of body weight

why is blood sometimes bright red

because it has taken up oxygen in the lungs

why is blood sometime dusky red

because it has released oxygen in the tissue

what is a hemoglobin

oxygen carrying compound in erythrocytes

how does hemoglobin contributes to the color of blood

hemoglobin is a pigment that changes color, depending upon the degree of oxygen saturation

what is the viscosity difference of blood to water

5x greater than water

what does viscosity mean

a fluid’s thickness or resistance to flow

what is the normal temperature of blood in Celsius

38

what is the normal body temperature in Celsius

37

what is the normal pH of blood

7.4

what is the pH range of blood in a healthy person

7.35-7.45

what helps blood regulate pH

buffers

what is the percentage of blood in an adult human body

8%

what is the average liters of blood in adults

4-6 L

what is plasma composed of

water, proteins, and other solutes

what is the percentage of water in plasma

92

what is the percentage of proteins in plasma

7

what are the 3 major group of plasma proteins

albumin, globulins, fibrogens

what is the function of albumin in blood

serves as a binding protein for fatty acids and steroid hormones, and contributes to the osmotic pressure of blood

what percentage of total plasma protein content is albumin

54

what is albumin

the most abundant of the plasma proteins

where is albumin manufactured

in the liver

what is globulins

the second most common plasma proteins

what group are globulins

heterogeneous

what are the three main subgroups within globulins

alpha, beta, and gamma globulins

what is the function globulins in the blood

transport iron, lipids, and fat soluble vitamins and contribute to osmotic pressure, and immunity

what is the function of alpha and beta globulins

transport iron, lipids, and fat soluble vitamins a, d, e, and k to the cell and contribute to osmotic pressure

what is the function of gamma globulins

immunity as antibodies or immunoglobulins

what are antibodies

antigen specific proteins

what is another name for immunoglobulins

gamma globulins

where are immunoglobulins produced

specialized leukocytes known as plasma cells

what percentage of total plasma protein volume is globulins

38

what is fibrogen

third of the three major groups of plasma proteins

where is fibrogen produced

by liver

what is the function of fibrogen

essential for blood clotting

what percentage of total plasma protein volume is fibrogen

7

what other substances or solutes are in plasma

electrolytes, dissolved gases, glucose, lipids, vitamins, amino acids, and metabolic wastes

what are electrolytes

charged ions that are used by neurons and muscles for electrical signal

what are examples of electrolytes

Na, K, Ca

what are examples of dissolved gases

O, CO2, N

what are examples of various organic nutrients

vitamins, lipids, glucose, and amino acids and metabolic wastes

what is the total percentage volume of non protein content in plasma

1

what is the normal body temperature in Farienheit

98.6

what is the normal blood temperature in farienheit

100.4