AP WORLD UNIT 1 AND 2

Judaism

A monotheistic religion believing in one God, Yahweh, with teachings preserved in the Torah.

Yahweh

The name of God in Judaism, viewed as the ruler of the world and just.

The Torah

The central reference of the religious Judaic tradition, containing writings and laws.

Abraham

The father of the Hebrew nation and a key patriarch in Judaism.

Monotheism

The belief in a single, all-powerful deity.

Procurator

A Roman official placed in charge of a province, including Judaea.

Jesus of Nazareth

A religious figure born around 6 B.C.E. in Bethlehem, known as the central figure of Christianity.

Disciples

Followers of Jesus who traveled with him and learned from his teachings.

New Testament

The second part of the Christian Bible, containing the teachings and life of Jesus.

Paul's Message

The belief that Jesus is the Savior and accepting him leads to salvation from sin.

Five Pillars of Islam

The foundational acts of worship in Islam: Shahada, Zakat, Salat, Sawm, and Hajj.

The Qur'an

The holy book of Islam, believed to be the word of God as revealed to Muhammad.

Hajj

The pilgrimage to Mecca that every Muslim must undertake at least once in their lifetime.

Golden Age

A period of great cultural, economic, and scientific flourishing, notably during the Abbasid Caliphate.

Abbasid Caliphate

A major Islamic caliphate that ruled from 750 until 1258 C.E., known for its cultural and intellectual achievements.

Constantinople

The capital of the Byzantine Empire, significant for trade and culture.

Mamluks

A Turkic military slave group that gained power in Egypt and halted Mongol advances.

Seljuk Turks

A nomadic group that invaded Byzantine territories and contributed to the Crusades.

The Crusades

Military campaigns initially launched by Christians to retake the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

Trans-Saharan Trade

Trade routes that connected North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa, significant for the gold-salt trade.

Kingdom of Ghana

The first great West African trading empire, known for its wealth from gold.

Kingdom of Mali

A powerful African empire founded by Sundiata Keita, flourishing from c. 1200–1500.

Mansa Musa

The famous emperor of Mali known for his enormous wealth and pilgrimage to Mecca.

Great Zimbabwe

A Southern African city known for its impressive stone architecture and role in gold trade.

Bantu Migrations

The series of migrations of Bantu-speaking peoples across Africa, shaping its demographic and cultural landscape.

Swahili Coast

An area of East Africa inhabited by people who traded with Arabs and developed the complex Swahili culture.

Leonardo da Vinci

A Renaissance man known for his contributions to art, science, and engineering.

Humanism

An intellectual movement during the Renaissance that emphasized individual potential and achievements.

Printing Press

A revolutionary invention that enabled the mass production of written works, crucial for the spread of literature.

Indulgences

Payments to the Church in exchange for forgiveness of sins, criticized during the Protestant Reformation.

Canon Law

The body of laws governing the Church and its members.

Nika Riots

A violent riot in Constantinople against Emperor Justinian, sparked by a chariot race dispute.

Scholasticism

A medieval school of thought that sought to reconcile faith with reason, emphasizing logic.

Yersinia pestis

The bacterium responsible for the Black Death, spread through fleas and rats.

Huitzilopochtli

The Aztec god associated with war, whose worship included human sacrifices.