Kidney Disease p1

Top 2 causes of kidney disease

Diabetes and hypertension

What is the functioning unit of the kidney?

Nephrons

Describe what nephrons are

Has glomumeres which are clusters of capillaries located between 2 arterials

Describe how the kidneys compensate for loss of nephron

As kidney disease starts, nephrons are lost and other nephrons start to compensate bc they activate for the RAAS system

Increases vasodilation so more blood can go in and out

Overtime nephrons get tired and leads to scaring and thickening of walls which leads to less blood flow and O2

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

Amount of nitrogen from urine in the blood

High levels are concerning

Urea has no function, just metabollic by product

Creatinine

No specific biological function, produced from muscle breakdown

Concerning if high

Hypercatabolism so not enough nutrients so creatinine is high and breaking down muscle

Urine Albumin Creatinine Ratio

Measures 2 different substances in urine

High indicates kidney disease

Ammonia

Processed in liver

Small amounts can cause brain damage

Processed into waste product urea

Glomerular Filtration Rate

Amount of plasma filtered through glomerili with in a given period

Decreased number is bad; helps stage kidney disease

Processed into waste product nurea

What are the functions of kidneys? Hint:Fluid balance

Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance

Maintain blood pressure

Acid base homeostasis

If the kidneys are unable to maintain fluid balance what will be a consequence?

Hyperkalemia will occur due to potassium building up in the blood. Seen if GFR is less than 50

Fluid and Sodium retention will occur and lead to hypertensions and edema and chest edema

Acidosis

What are the functions of the kidneys? Hint: Urine

Formation of Urine

Excretion of Nitrogenous bases

What is one nutrition related consequence if the kidneys are unable to excrete nitrogenous waste?

Low urine output can occur because the kidneys cant get rid of nitrogen bases and this leads to Azotemia which is nitrogen bases accumulated in the blood since

Can also lead to elevated BUN levels leads to headache, muscle aches, itchiness, and taste changes

This affects nutrition status because if someone has all the affects of high BUN, this will make them not want to eat and therefore have a lower nutrition intake/status

What is the function of kidneys for hormones and enzymes?

Renin helps with fluid renin and excretion, if kidneys aren’t working, renin wont be activated

Calcitriol (active form of vitamin D). Wont get activated if kidneys aren’t working

EPO is a glycoprotein synthesized in the kidneys. Purpose is to stimulate RBC production in the bone marrow and inititiated when low O2 detected

PTH regulation involved with bone matrix homeostasis by regulating calcium and phosphorus in the blood

What are some results of the kidneys not being able to function with hormones and enzymes?

Edema

Anemia (if not getting enough EPO)

Bone mineral disorders

What do high levels of creatinine tell us about kidney function?

Tells us there is poor kidney function. Creatinine is an indicator of muscle breakdown and kidneys normally filter this out through urine.

What is one nutrition related symptom associated with the kidneys not being able to excrete nitrogenous waste?

Elevated BUN level because this can lead to itchiness, headaches, muscle aches, and dysgeusia. When someone is experiencing these effects of high BUN, appetite is most likely to be lost and negetively affect nutrition status