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health
is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmityÂ
Health is a social issue influenced by such factors as income, minority status and gender (social determinants of health)Â
life expectancy
the average lifespan of a newborn. Is an indicator of the overall health of a country. The higher the life expectancy, the healthier the population.
social determinants of health
conditions in which people are born, grow and live in
5 universal principles
Universal: the system must cover all Canadians Â
Accessible: the system must provide reasonable access for everyone and must be unimpeded by fincancial or other barriers so that no one can be discriminated against on the basis of age, income or health status Â
comprehensive: the system must cover all medically necessary services
portable: the system must provide coverage between provinces should move a person
Publicly Administered: the system must be operated by a public body for a not-for-profit- basis
healthcare issues in Canada
access: unequal access to healthcare can lead to challenges finding a regular family doctor, living in a rural areal without health care facilities, waiting long times for non-life threatening surgeries
costs: health care was estimated to cost 11.3% of canadas GDP in 2018.
one of the single largest expenses in provincial budgets
as population ages, these numbers are expected to rise
liberal humanist assumption
the assumption that everyone should be treated equally
alternative medicine
treatments that fall beyond the scope of conventional medicine and are not generally used in hospitals or included in health care plans
ex. acupuncture
3 problems with alternative medicine
its provided outside of the national healthcare system and is expensive
alternative medicine is expensive
some alternative treatments lack scientific evidence or proof that it works
theories perspectives on health: functionalism
health care is an important mechanism which society administers the care and treatment of its citizens
by treating the il we maintain a more stable and harmonious society
conflict theory
the rich get the treatment faster than the poor by going to another country
the poor use overburdened healthcare system issues for specifically indigenous people
medicalization:
medical profession legitimates and sanctions its control over peoples health
iatrogenesis
term used to describe the sickness, and injury caused by the health care system
symbolic interactionism
people use labels such as health and illness as fixed binary opposite influence of self-fufilling prophecy
feminist theory
medical research and androcentric
attributes that define women’s reality are often dismissed by medical establishments
ex.medicalization of childbirth
post-structuralism
deconstruct conventional wisdom
healthcare more responsive to the needs of the individual patient
bio-power
Foucults’s term to explain people taking ownerships of their bodies and health
transition to retirement
forced retirement for some occupations
who we are is defined by what we do
financial pressures
public pension system made up of Old Age Security, guaranteed income supplements and mandatory employment deductions from the canadian/quebec pension plan
raising elderly dependency ratio
healthy aging
elderly dependency ratio
the ratio of seniors to workers
healthy aging
perspective that reinforces the inherent value of older people to society
age discrimination
ageism: system of inequality based on age that privileges the young at the expense of the old
subjected to negative stereotypes regarding their physical and mental abilities
elder abuse
any form of mistreatment that results in harm or loss to an older person
vulnerability to crime
less likely than younger people to be victims crime, experience more feel of it and feel vulnerable
more likely to be targets of other types of crime; email or telemarketing scams, elder abuse
long term care and chronic pain
92% of seniors live in private households
8% in “collective” dwellings; primarily healthcare institutions Institutional residency related to age
logn-term care: the provision of any services required by persons who are dependent on others to meet their basic daily needs
chronic pain: ongoing pain that lasts longer than 3 months after the usual recovery persiod for and injury or aliment
euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide
voluntary euthanasia: someone asks to be allowed to die
involuntary euthanasia: when a persons wish to live is disregarded or not elicited
passive euthanasia: withholding or ceasing treatment of someone not likely to recover from a disease or injury
active euthanasia: intervening to asten someones terminal illness
assisted suicide: helping someone to end their life
theoretical approaches to aging: functionalism
disengagement theory: proposes that successful again requires a gradual withdrawal from social activity
theory suggests that older people want to be released from roles that require hard work and responsibility
transition to retirement is a welcome one
conflict theory
highlights the roots of institutional ageism
pressure either to exclude or to embrace elderly is a direct consequence of labour market conditions
activity theory
the belief that people should stay active for as long as they possibly can
symbolic interactionism
activity theory: holds that people should remian engaged and active for as long as possible
rests on assumptions that remaining active and engaged has important positive benefits and leads to happier lives
people construct perceptions about themselves through the activities they do and the roles they play
feminist theory
explores how people respond to an aging body in a society fixated on appearance and youth
as women age they lose power
post-structuralism
agin embedded in framework of truth and knowledge
“truths” about aging and healthcare
questions how transitions are defined and/or changing
disabilities: people first philosophy
place the individual before the disability, focusing on the person rather than the disability
disability
the relationship between body functions and structure, daily activities, and social participation, while recognizing the role of environmental factors
downward drift hypothesis
the assertions that those with mental illnesses are unable to finish their education or secure a job, tend to drift to low income jobs
obesity
a chronic condition where an individual has excessiv ebody fat that can impact their health, measured by their BMI
ableism
discrimination against those who have a mental or physical disability on the basis of preconceived, stereotypical able-bodied norms
functionalism
parsons stick role, a patterned social role that defines the behaviour that is appropriate for, and expected of, those who are sick
conflict theory
focuses on income inequalities experienced by people with disabilities differently
stress work of disability advocacy groups
symbolic interactionism
focus on how labeling can have consequences for how people with disabilities are viewed and for how they view themselves
feminist theory
our perceptions of what constitutes a disability are socially constructed in the same way that gender is
definitions of disability are a form of oppression that results from society’s being ill-equipped to deal with difference
post-structuralism
critique the notion of disability in that it challenges normative definitions of social order and individual identity
investigates how the concept of the body is constructed and deconstructed through social interaction
critical disability studies
encompass both queer theory and critical social theory
social norms related to gender, sexuality and disability are interconnected and help to reinforce each other
social determinants of health
the conditions in which people are born, grown and live in
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