SC 6-7

Spatial Perspective

A perspective that asks the why of where in Human Geography (Why something is the way it is)

Reference Map meaning

A map that provides details for navigation through land

What kinds of reference maps are there and what do they mean

Political Map (shows borders and cities)

Physical Map (shows physical landscapes)

Road Map (shows roads and streets)

Topographic Map (shows isolines for elevation)

Thematic Map meaning

A map that shows datasets that reveal trends and patterns

Examples of Thematic Maps and their meanings

Choropleth maps (shows data via colors and intensity)

Dot density maps (shows data via dot density)

Isoline maps (shows data via connecting equal data locations with lines)

Graduated symbol maps (shows data via size of circles)

Flowline maps (shows data via arrows with varying sizes and directions)

Cartogram maps (shows data via distortion of landmasses)

What causes the Distance decay effect

If the absolute distance and accessibility between two points is too far (Less interaction)

How does globalization change the distance decay effect and what is it called

Time-space compression reduces distance decay via globalization

What is a relative location

A description of a location using landmarks nearby

What three variables can reveal trends in maps

Clustering, Dispersal, and Elevation

What three kinds of map scales are there

Ratio Scales, Written Scales, and Graphic Scales

What four kinds of distortion do all maps have

Distortion of shape, size, distance, direction

What kinds of projection of the globe are there

Mercator Projection (preserves shape and direction, distorts sizes near poles)

Equal-area Projection (preserves size, not shape)

Peters Projection (a type of Equal-area Projection)

Robinson Projection (Balanced distortion with curved map)

What two kinds of Geographic Data is there

Spatial data (location)

non-spatial data (characteristics such as population, income, land use)

What is field data

Geographic data attained from experiments onsite (surveys, photos)

What specialized tech use/produce geographic data

GIS (geographic information system) combines data to make conclusions

GPS (global positioning system) pinpoints a specific object’s location

Remote Sensing, takes photos in space or the sky for spatial data (monitors space and weather)

What does modern tech allow in maps

Toponyms (Names of places)

Natural features (location of natural terrain)

Human features (locations of manmade terrain)

What are the different types of land use

Residential use: land for living

Agricultural use: land for farming

Commercial use: land for generating economic value

Industrial use: land for manufacturing

What does an area’s land use illustrate about it

Its cultural landscape (how land is altered to that area’s characteristics)

How do normal individuals utilize geographic data

GPS allows them to find locations of objects and locations, and add up total distance traversed

How do companies utilize geographic data

They can strategize with demographics by changing what they offer and where they are located

How does the government utilize geographic data

For Urban planning, preparations for natural disaster and emergencies, and need allocation data

How do political parties mess with geographic data

They gerrymander the data to redraw boundaries in their favor

Difference between space and place

Space is objective, a mathematical area

Place is subjective, an area defined by its cultural or emotional value

What does flow mean in distribution

It illustrates how objects, people, and ideas move from one place to another

What kinds of diffusion are there

Relocation diffusion (when a flow happens due to immigration)*Lingua Franca

Expansion diffusion (when a flow starts from a single point and grows outwards)*Ideas

Hierarchical diffusion (when a flow spreads from a more powerful group)*Celebrities

Contagious diffusion (when a flow spreads rapidly and widely) *Social Media

Stimulus diffusion (when a flow is taken and adapted to a different area)*McDonalds

Maladaptive diffusion (when a flow is impractical in the new area)*Invasive species

Lag diffusion (when a flow’s adaptation and acceptance is delayed)*Computers

What is a sense of place

The subjective meaning put into a location based on human perception, a place without this would be the condition of placelessness

What is the definition of sustainability

The responsible use of present resources without compromising it for future generations

What are the three types of sustainability

Environmental sustainability (preservation of resources from exploitation)

Economic sustainability (preservation of economic growth from collapse)

Social sustainability (preservation of equity and wellbeing across all places)

What is Environmental Determinism

A perspective of nature where the quality of environments determine the potential the place has to generate growth or value

What is Environmental Possibilism

A perspective of nature where the quality of environments doesn’t determine its potential and that humans play a role in forming it into something larger

What levels of scales of analysis are there

Global scale (Earth or most landscapes)

Regional scale (Multiple countries or large portions of a single country)

National scale (One country or regions within that country)

Local scale (Cities, districts, neighborhoods)

What are the three kinds of regions

Formal region (Defined by a objective characteristic *Mountains, Language)

Functional region (Defined by a single focal point that links the area)

Vernacular region (Defined by a subjective characteristic *Culture, beliefs)

What is Site and Situation

Site is the physical characteristics of a place (Resources, life, climate)

Situation is how it connects to surrounding areas

What kinds of culture are physical and not

Material culture (monuments, artwork)

Nonmaterial culture (beliefs, symbols)

What is a culture made out of

Sociofacts (government, education) What they do

Mentifacts (shared values, beliefs) What they think

What were the 7 cultural hearths

West Africa, Nile River, Indus River, Huang He River, Ganges River, Mesopotamia, Mesoamerica

Whats the hierarchy of cultural traits

Cultural traits (individual aspects *food, fashion)

Cultural complexes (combined aspects *wedding, events)

Cultural systems (combined aspects that represent a broad part of a culture)

Whats the difference between a habit and a custom

Habit (Individual behavior)

Custom (Group behavior)

What are the two categories of cultures

Folk Culture (smaller cultural groups that are more isolated and are formed from restrictions *immigrants, tribes)

Popular Culture (larger cultural groups that are more mainstream and formed from influences *media, celebrities)

Whats the difference between ethnocentrism and Cultural relativism

Ethnocentrism (judging of cultures based on how it combats their own culture)

Cultural relativism (judging of cultures based on the culture itself)

What two kinds of architecture is there

Traditional (og cultures, *Greco-Roman, Adobe)

Postmodern (unique and unconventional *Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, Spain)

Sequent occupancy meaning

The imprints left behind by previous cultures (Mexico City layers Aztec, Spanish Colonial, and modern cultures)

Example of symbolic landscapes and its layers

Temple Mount in Jerusalem, (layers Judaism, Christianity, Islam)

What is cultural ecology

How communities respond to nature using adaptive strategies

(water sharing in arid areas, fishing in coastal areas)

All kinds of surveying systems

Long Lot surveying (Divides into strips with access to rivers, *French colonies in America)

Metes and bounds surveying (Divided using terrain as reference)

Township and range surveying (Divided using rectangles)

Rectangular surveying (Same as township but AMERICAN)

What is a example of ethnic cleansing

The Holocaust from Fascism in Germany

What is Balkanization and what are examples of it

The fragmentation of a region into smaller independent groups

(Soviet Union in 1991)

(West Balkan and Croatia)

What is a cultural shatterbelt

An unstable region where different cultural groups have to coexist and interact

Whats the difference between Centripetal and Centrifugal forces

Centripetal (Unifying factors that pull together a state)

Centrifugal (Dividing factors that push apart a state)

What is placemaking and an example of it

Emotional and cultural values that put meaning into a place (Opposite of placelessness)

(Brandenburg Bridge, Berlin Germany)

What are the two largest language families

Indo-European (445 living languages, 3 billion speakers)

Sino-Tibetan (400-500 languages, 1.4 billion speakers)

What is a Lingua Franca

A language that has become large enough to be used as a shared language of communication (English and French)

What are examples of extinct languages

Plains Apache in Oklahoma, Aka-Cari in Andaman Islands

What are examples of Centrifugal/petal languages

Castilian Spanish in Spain (Centripetal)

French in Quebec (Centrifugal)

Universalizing Religions and examples of them

Religions that spread across the globe to convert others

(Christianity from Mesopotamia, Buddhism in Silk Road, Islam, Sikhism)

Ethnic Religions and examples of them

Religions that stick to a specific culture or location

(Shinto, Hinduism in Varanasi next to Ganges River, Judaism)

Examples of migration that diffused culture

1947 Partition India, Spanish Colonization of Americas, The Scramble for Africa

Whats an example of a diffusion S curve

The 1970s pet rock fad

What examples of imperialism caused cultural diffusion

The Boxer Rebellion, the Boer War, the Philippine-American War

What examples of war caused cultural diffusion

Alexander the Great spreading Greek influences in Egypt and India,

Syrian Refugee Crisis 2011, diffusing the refugee’s culture in new settlements

What examples not war related caused cultural diffusion

Trans-Saharan trade, Trans-Atlantic slave trade (European, African, Caribbean to US),

Printing Technology from China to Europe, Adaptation of settlers in new climates

What is Creolization and Syncretism

Creolization when cultures blend to create new hybrid forms

(Language fusions: Haitian Creole, Papiamentu) (Religious fusion: Voudou)

Syncretism is when ideas and religions blend into new forms

(Incorporation of Indigenous traditions with Latin American Catholicism,

Blending of Greek and Roman Deities)

What is cultural assimilation and give an example

When a minority group adopts the dominant culture and the previous culture becomes repressed or destroyed

(Residential school forcing kids to abandon traditions)

Acculturation meaning

When a minority group adopts the dominant culture but the previous culture is still allowed

Multiculturalism meaning and examples

When multiple cultures coexist and don’t blend with eachother

(culture festivals, multilingual cities, international cuisine, diverse religions, rights for freedom of expression)

Transculturation meaning and examples

When cultures interact and selectively blend cultures

(Latin American Music blends African rhythms and Spanish melodies)

Cultural Appropriation meaning and examples

When a dominant culture adopts a minority’s culture while ignoring its significance

(When someone gets a Polynesian tattoo without the right background)

Cultural Imperialism meaning and examples

When a dominant culture attempts to impose their culture onto a minority’s culture

(U.S. fast food chains overriding native culinary cultures)

At what year was the global population at 1 billion

1804

What factors increased human lifespans

Industrial Revolution (more overall resources)

Medical Revolution (more medical resources)

Green Revolution (more food)