lymphomas

What are the three main types of blood cancers

Leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma

What is leukaemia, and where does it originate?

Leukaemia is a cancer of WBCs that originates in the bone marrow

What are the main types of leukaemia?

• Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML)

• Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML)

• Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL)

• Chronic Lymphoid Leukaemia (CLL)

What is lymphoma?

Lymphoma is a cancer of lymphoid tissues, including lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus

What are the two major types of lymphoma?

• Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (HL)

• Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL)

What is myeloma, and what cells does it affect?

A cancer of clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow, producing a paraprotein.

What is the hallmark of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) in diagnosis

Blast cells >20% in blood or bone marrow and myeloperoxidase (MPO)-positive WBCs

What is the most common leukaemia in children, and what is its prognosis?

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), with a 90% remission rate in children.

What genetic mutation is associated with Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML)

The Philadelphia chromosome

What treatment revolutionized Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) management

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors

What is the main feature of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (HL) diagnosis?

Presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in lymph nodes

What is the main treatment regimen for Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?

ABVD chemotherapy regimen (doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine

What are the systemic "B symptoms" often seen in lymphoma?

Fever, night sweats, and weight loss

What is the primary diagnostic marker for myeloma

Elevated paraproteins in serum or urine.

What complications are common in myeloma?

Bone pain, fractures, hypercalcemia, anaemia, and renal dysfunction.

What is the typical survival outlook for multiple myeloma?

It has a chronic relapsing-remitting course, with a ~29% 10-year survival rate

What is the difference between acute and chronic leukemias?

• Acute Leukemias: Rapid progression, involving immature cells (blasts).

• Chronic Leukemias: Slow progression, involving more mature cells

How is Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL) treated?

Chemotherapy, rituximab for B-cell NHL, and stem cell transplants in some cases

What is the role of stem cell transplants in blood cancers?

They are used in cases where chemotherapy alone is insufficient or for relapsed/refractory diseases.