Studied by 47 people
What are the skeletons primary functions
Support
Storage
Blood cell production
Protection
Leverage
How many bones do we have?
206
What are the 2 skeletons
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
How many bones are in the axial skeleton
80
How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton
126
Basal skull fracture may cause
CSF to leak
What are signs of basal skull fractures
battle signs
The rib cage is attached by
cartilage
The ribcage being attached by cartilage allows for
expansion and contraction with respiration
What are the landmarks of the thoracic cage
sternum thoracic vertebrae twelve ribs clavicle scapula diaphragm
The sternum is made up of
3 parts
What are the components of the sternum
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process
The sternum is angled back at the x joint
manubriosternal (angle of louis)
The sternum is angled back at the x joint
xiphisternal
How many bones make up the spine?
33
How many cervical bones are in the spine?
7
How many thoracic bones are in the spine?
12
How many lumbar bones are in the spine?
5
How many sacral bones are in the spine?
5
How many coccyx bones are in the spine?
4
The appendicular skeleton is
shoulders down to hands, hips down to feet
How many bones are in our hands?
27
How many carpals are in one hand?
8
How many metacarpals are in onehand
5
How many phalanges are in one hand
14
Bone tissue is a
dense matrix of connective tissue
Bone tissue contains
deposits of calcium and phosphorus
Bone tissue develops in
utero from a template of cartilage and membrane
Formation of bone tissue begins
6th/7th week of embryonic life
At birth, the skeleton is what?
Flexible
What are the two main cells involved in bone turnaround
Osteoblast Osteoclast
What is the long bone structure?
Periosteum Hyaline cartilage Compact bone Cancellous bone Medullary canal
The periosteum
covers bones except articulating surfaces
The hyaline cartilage
covers articulating surfaces
Compact bone contains
Haversian canals
Cancellous bone is
red bone marrow, produces blood cells
Medullary canal is a
central cavity contains yellow marrow
What can fractures result from
Direct trauma
Underlying disease
Indirect trauma
Repeated stress on one area
Osteoporosis
SLIP DUCT
Swelling Loss of Movement Irregulaties Pain
Deformity Unnatural movement Crepitus Tenderness
What are the most common fracture in children
forearm
More x than Y have fractures
boys than girls
Teenagers are more
active at risk due to growth spurts
Elderly patients are more susceptible to fractures due to
Hormonal Changes
Decreased bone density
Increased incidence of falls
In elderly people, what are the most common fracture sites?
Hips and wrists
Bone has x blood supply
rich
What are the two types of bone?
Compact - dense, tough, prominent in long bones
Spongy - full of tiny spaces, lighter
Joints refer to the point where
2 or more bones come together
How are joints classified?
Degree of movement they allow
Fibrous joints are
immoveable/fixed
Cartilaginous joints allow for
little movement
Synovial joints are
freely moveable
What do ligaments do
Attach bone to bone
Abduction refers to movement.
away from the body.
adduction is
movement towards body
inversion is
turning towards body
Eversion is
turning away from the body
Elevation is
lifting body part superiorly
Depression is
movement of body part inferiorly
Supination is
rotation of forearm so palm is upwards
Pronation is
rotation of forearm so palm is facing downwards
Circumduction is
a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction to enable limb to move in a circular fashion
Extension is
stretching out
Flexion is
bending
Hyperextension
go beyond extension
adduction
towards of median plane
rotation is
turning, revolving
circumduction
sequence of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction
Characteristics of muscle tissue
excitability contractility Extensibility Plasticity
Types of muscle
Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
Functions of skeletal muscle
Movement
Supports soft tissue
Reserve for nutrients
Movement of substances
Stabilises posture
Guards entrances and exits
Thermogenesis
S&S of disorders of motor system
Muscle strength Muscle bulk Muscle tone Fasciculation
What are the arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Psoriatic arthritis
Gout crystal arthritis
Reactive arthritis
Between the ages of x and y there is a reduction in bone mass
30-40s
8% bone mass per decade decrease in
women
3% bone mass per decade lost in
men
Note 
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