A&P 7

Muscles, skeletons and the other hard shit

What are the skeletons primary functions

• Support

• Storage

• Blood cell production

• Protection

• Leverage

How many bones do we have?

206

What are the 2 skeletons

• Axial skeleton

• Appendicular skeleton

How many bones are in the axial skeleton

80

How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton

126

Basal skull fracture may cause

CSF to leak

What are signs of basal skull fractures

battle signs

The rib cage is attached by

cartilage

The ribcage being attached by cartilage allows for

expansion and contraction with respiration

What are the landmarks of the thoracic cage

sternum
thoracic vertebrae
twelve ribs
clavicle
scapula
diaphragm

The sternum is made up of

3 parts

What are the components of the sternum

• Manubrium

• Body

• Xiphoid process

The sternum is angled back at the x joint

manubriosternal (angle of louis)

The sternum is angled back at the x joint

xiphisternal

How many bones make up the spine?

33

How many cervical bones are in the spine?

7

How many thoracic bones are in the spine?

12

How many lumbar bones are in the spine?

5

How many sacral bones are in the spine?

5

How many coccyx bones are in the spine?

4

The appendicular skeleton is

shoulders down to hands, hips down to feet

How many bones are in our hands?

27

How many carpals are in one hand?

8

How many metacarpals are in onehand

5

How many phalanges are in one hand

14

Bone tissue is a

dense matrix of connective tissue

Bone tissue contains

deposits of calcium and phosphorus

Bone tissue develops in

utero from a template of cartilage and membrane

Formation of bone tissue begins

6th/7th week of embryonic life

At birth, the skeleton is what?

Flexible

What are the two main cells involved in bone turnaround

Osteoblast
Osteoclast

What is the long bone structure?

Periosteum
Hyaline cartilage
Compact bone
Cancellous bone
Medullary canal

The periosteum

covers bones except articulating surfaces

The hyaline cartilage

covers articulating surfaces

Compact bone contains

Haversian canals

Cancellous bone is

red bone marrow, produces blood cells

Medullary canal is a

central cavity contains yellow marrow

What can fractures result from

• Direct trauma

• Underlying disease

• Indirect trauma

• Repeated stress on one area

• Osteoporosis

SLIP DUCT

Swelling
Loss of Movement
Irregulaties
Pain

Deformity
Unnatural movement
Crepitus
Tenderness

What are the most common fracture in children

forearm

More x than Y have fractures

boys than girls

Teenagers are more

active
at risk due to growth spurts

Elderly patients are more susceptible to fractures due to

• Hormonal Changes

• Decreased bone density

• Increased incidence of falls

In elderly people, what are the most common fracture sites?

Hips and wrists

Bone has x blood supply

rich

What are the two types of bone?

Compact - dense, tough, prominent in long bones

Spongy - full of tiny spaces, lighter

Joints refer to the point where

2 or more bones come together

How are joints classified?

Degree of movement they allow

Fibrous joints are

immoveable/fixed

Cartilaginous joints allow for

little movement

Synovial joints are

freely moveable

What do ligaments do

Attach bone to bone

Abduction refers to movement.

away from the body.

adduction is

movement towards body

inversion is

turning towards body

Eversion is

turning away from the body

Elevation is

lifting body part superiorly

Depression is

movement of body part inferiorly

Supination is

rotation of forearm so palm is upwards

Pronation is

rotation of forearm so palm is facing downwards

Circumduction is

a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction to enable limb to move in a circular fashion

Extension is

stretching out

Flexion is

bending

Hyperextension

go beyond extension

adduction

towards of median plane

rotation is

turning, revolving

circumduction

sequence of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction

Characteristics of muscle tissue

excitability
contractility
Extensibility
Plasticity

Types of muscle

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

Functions of skeletal muscle

• Movement

• Supports soft tissue

• Reserve for nutrients

• Movement of substances

• Stabilises posture

• Guards entrances and exits

• Thermogenesis

S&S of disorders of motor system

Muscle strength
Muscle bulk
Muscle tone
Fasciculation

What are the arthritis

• Osteoarthritis

• Rheumatoid arthritis

• Psoriatic arthritis

• Gout crystal arthritis

• Reactive arthritis

Between the ages of x and y there is a reduction in bone mass

30-40s

8% bone mass per decade decrease in

women

3% bone mass per decade lost in

men