WCJ Exam 2

convict leasing

the leasing of incarcerated people to private companies and plantations for labor

Focal concerns theory

sentencing outcomes depend on offender’s blameworthiness, danger to the community, and practical concerns 

evil women hypothesis

gender bias where women are treated more harshly than men due to their violation of the law and gender norms 

chivalry hypothesis

gender bias where women receive preferential treatment 

judicial paternalism

Judges treating women with more leniency to protect them 

legal factors in women’s sentencing

type of crime, severity, presence of alcohol, prior record, physical evidence 

extralegal factors in women’s sentencing

Moral character, social class, zip code, race of victim/offender, gender of victim/offender 

violence against women act self-petition

provides opportunity to self petition for lawful permanent residency, employment authorization, and access to public benefits without abuser involvement. Can only file if a spouse, partner, or child of US citizen and must provide evidence of abuse 

U-visa

Visa that leads to a green card provided that you have been helpful in a criminal investigation or prosecution of the person who abused you

T-Visa

more specifically for victims of human trafficking; requires background check and show that they would suffer severe harm

Griffin v. Michigan Department of Corrections (1982) 

Claimed they were denied promotional opportunities because of policies that restricted women from working in certain residential units of correctional facilities. Court found the department’s policies were discriminatory and ordered compensatory promotions for Griffin 

Grummett v. Rushen (1985)

Inmates challenging prison policy of allowing female correctional officers to observe male inmates in partial/full nudity due to rights to privacy. Court ruled in favor of defendants, based off security needs and didnt violate inmates' privacy rights 

Jordan v. Gardner (1992) 

Women challenged prison's policy of allowing male guard to conduct random body searches of female inmates. Court ruled in favor of inmates and prohibited these actions based on cruel and unusual punishment