ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I – EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE

Vocabulary flashcards covering the characteristics, classifications, and functions of tissues and the integumentary system as outlined in the Exam 2 Study Guide.

Four tissue types

The distinct categories of tissues comprising Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous tissues.

Embryonic germ layers

The primary layers of cells in the embryo consisting of Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm.

Epithelial Tissue

A tissue type that functions in protection, absorption, secretion, and filtration; characterized by tightly packed cells, little extracellular matrix, being avascular, and highly mitotic.

Avascular

A characteristic of epithelial tissue meaning it lacks blood vessels.

Simple vs stratified epithelium

The classification of epithelial tissue based on whether it has a single layer (simple) or multiple layers (stratified) of cells.

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A specific type of epithelial tissue that appears stratified but is actually a single layer of columnar cells.

Transitional epithelium

A type of epithelium specifically known for its ability to stretch.

Basement membrane

The structure that supports and attaches to the base of epithelial tissue.

Endocrine glands

Glands that secrete their products (hormones) directly into the blood or interstitial fluid rather than through ducts.

Exocrine glands

Glands that secrete their products into ducts that lead to target organs or body surfaces.

Merocrine secretion

A mode of glandular secretion where the cell remains intact during the release of its product.

Apocrine secretion

A mode of glandular secretion where a portion of the cell's body is lost during secretion.

Holocrine secretion

A mode of glandular secretion where the entire cell ruptures to release its product.

Connective Tissue

A tissue type composed of cells, fibers, and ground substance.

Fibroblasts

A type of cell found in connective tissue responsible for secreting fibers.

Macrophages

Cells found in connective tissue that function in the immune response by engulfing foreign particles.

Adipocytes

Specialized cells in connective tissue used for the storage of fat.

Collagen fibers

A strong type of fiber found within the connective tissue matrix.

Elastic fibers

Fibers that provide flexibility and stretch to connective tissue.

Reticular fibers

A type of fiber that forms a branching network within connective tissue.

Adipose tissue

A type of connective tissue primarily composed of fat-storing cells.

Intercalated discs

Specialized junctions found specifically in cardiac muscle tissue.

Neurons

The primary cells of nervous tissue responsible for transmitting signals.

Neuroglia

Supporting cells within nervous tissue that assist neurons.

Body Membranes

Functional groupings of tissues including Cutaneous, mucous, serous, and synovial membranes.

Integumentary System

The organ system composed of skin, hair, nails, and glands that provides protection, sensation, thermoregulation, and vitamin D production.

Keratinocytes

The predominant cell type found in the epidermis.

Melanocytes

Cells in the epidermis that produce melanin to protect DNA from UV damage.

Epidermal layers (Deep to Superficial)

The progression of layers from the base to the surface: Stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, and corneum.

Stratum basale

The deepest layer of the epidermis which generates new epidermis for tissue repair.

Stratum lucidum

An epidermal layer found specifically in thick skin.

Dermis

The deeper layer of the skin consisting of the papillary and reticular regions.

Sebaceous glands

Glands in the skin that secrete sebum.

Sebum

The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands.

Eccrine sweat glands

Glands primarily involved in thermoregulation through the production of sweat.

Apocrine sweat glands

A specific type of sweat gland found in the integumentary system, distinct from eccrine glands.

Meissner corpuscles

Sensory receptors in the skin responsible for detecting light touch.

Pacinian corpuscles

Sensory receptors in the skin responsible for detecting pressure.

Vasodilation

The widening of blood vessels used by the skin to regulate body temperature.

Vasoconstriction

The narrowing of blood vessels used by the skin to regulate body temperature.

Arrector pili muscles

Small muscles in the skin that contribute to thermoregulation.

Pressure ulcers

A type of skin disorder also known as bedsores.