Exam 3 Review

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Cognitive Psychology

53 Terms

1

Key features of language

Communicative, Referential, Meaningful, Structured, and Creative

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2

Visual word form area

A brain region that helps in word recognition, evolved from object and face processing.

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3

Spreading Activation Model

A model suggesting words in our mental lexicon are activated through associations with current words or concepts.

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4

Semantic priming

A phenomenon where recognizing one word aids in recognizing a related word.

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5

Semantics vs. Syntax

Semantics: Meaning of words; Syntax: Rules governing sentence structure.

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6

Productivity in language

The ability to create an infinite number of sentences from limited words and rules.

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7

Recursion in language

Embedding phrases within phrases, allowing for complex sentence construction.

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8

Chomsky's theory of language acquisition

Proposes language is acquired through an innate mechanism, not just through environmental learning.

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9

Poverty of the stimulus argument

Children learn complex language despite receiving insufficient corrective feedback.

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10

Transformational grammar

A theory with rules for converting mental representations into grammatical verbal output.

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11

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

The hypothesis that language shapes thought and influences perception.

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12

Strong vs. weak Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Strong: Language determines thought; Weak: Language influences thought.

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13

System 1 vs. System 2 thinking

System 1: Fast, intuitive; System 2: Slow, analytical.

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14

Conjunction fallacy

The error of assuming specific conditions are more probable than general ones.

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15

Representativeness heuristic

Judging probabilities based on resemblance rather than statistical logic.

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16

Anchoring and adjustment

Cognitive bias where initial information heavily influences subsequent judgments.

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17

Loss aversion

The preference to avoid losses rather than acquire equivalent gains.

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18

Prospect theory

Explains decision-making under risk, indicating sensitivity to losses over gains.

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19

Sunk cost effect

Continuing an endeavor due to previously invested resources despite poor prospects.

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20

Delay discounting

Valuing immediate rewards more than future ones, leading to impulsive decisions.

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21

Deductive vs. inductive reasoning

Deductive: Specific conclusions from general premises; Inductive: General conclusions from specific instances.

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22

Modus ponens

If P implies Q and P is true, then Q must also be true.

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23

Bayesian reasoning

Reasoning based on probabilities, updating beliefs with new evidence.

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24

Components of Bayes’ Rule

Posterior probability, Prior probability, Likelihood.

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25

Recognition heuristic

A mental shortcut relying on familiar options to make decisions.

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26

Native language magnet effect

Infants' brains specialize in perceiving sounds of their native language. Language acquisition

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27

Morphemes

Smallest units of meaning in a language.

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28

Content vs. functional morphemes

Content: Core meaning (e.g. 'dog'); Functional: Grammatical purposes (e.g. 'the').

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29

Language influence on thought

Language can guide thought by emphasizing different categories or concepts.

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30

Fausey & Boroditsky findings

English speakers remember who committed an action easier than Spanish speakers.

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31

Availability heuristic

Judging likelihood based on how easily examples come to mind.

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32

Decoy effect

Preference change when a less attractive option is introduced.

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33

Deliberation-without-attention effect

Better decisions can emerge after unconscious thought.

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34

Take-the-best heuristic

Choosing the best option based on the most important cue.

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35

Prospect theory in risky choices

People value potential losses more than gains, affecting their decision-making.

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36

Endowment effect

Valuing owned items more than equivalent unowned items.

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37

Status quo bias

Preference for existing conditions over change.

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38

Optimal default

Choosing default options in decision-making regardless of better alternatives.

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39

Confirmation bias

Seeking and interpreting information that confirms preexisting beliefs.

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40

Causal reasoning

Determining what causes what using factors like causal launching and temporal order.

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41

Posterior probability

Probabilities of a hypothesis being true after evidence consideration.

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42

Recognition heuristic in decision-making

Deciding based on familiar options assuming they are correct.

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43

Fluency heuristics

Making decisions based on how easily an option comes to mind.

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44

Delay discounting effect

Devaluing future rewards in favor of immediate rewards.

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45

Self-control and delay discounting

Self-control is essential for resisting immediate temptations.

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46

Self-control changes across lifespan

Children struggle with it; adolescents are impulsive; older adults may decline in it.

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47

Conflict monitoring and resolution

Processes that detect and resolve conflicts between thoughts for self-control.

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48

Deductive reasoning

Logical reasoning where conclusions come from general premises.

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49

Lexical Decision Task

Determining if a string forms a valid word to measure reaction time.

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50

Word Frequency Effect

Recognition is faster for high-frequency words than low-frequency ones.

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51

Affective Priming

Emotional reactions to one stimulus can influence responses to another.

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52

Research Focus on Color Perception

Examining how language may impact color perception.

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53

Framing Effect

The way information presentation affects decision-making.

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