MT 1 FULL CHEM 1210

Ch 1 | What does chemistry study?

Matter, its properties and behaviors, and the changes matter undergoes.

Ch 1 | Why is chemistry called the central science?

It connects and supports many other sciences by studying matter, its composition, structure, properties, and reactions.

Ch 1 | What is matter?

Anything that has mass and occupies space.

Ch 1 | What two things largely determine the properties and behavior of matter?

The kinds of atoms present and the arrangement of those atoms.

Ch 1 | What is the macroscopic domain?

The realm of ordinary-sized objects that can be directly observed, such as a boiling pot of water.

Ch 1 | What is the microscopic domain?

The realm of atoms and molecules, which are too small to be seen directly.

Ch 1 | What is the symbolic domain?

The use of symbols, formulas, and equations to represent macroscopic and microscopic chemistry.

Ch 1 | What are the three common states of matter?

Solid (s), liquid (l), and gas (g).

Ch 1 | Solid: shape and volume?

Defined shape and defined volume.

Ch 1 | Solid: compressibility?

Essentially not compressible.

Ch 1 | Solid: particle motion?

Slow; particles mainly vibrate in place.

Ch 1 | Solid: particle arrangement?

Close-packed and ordered.

Ch 1 | Solid: particle attractions?

Strong.

Ch 1 | Liquid: shape and volume?

Defined volume; takes the shape of its container.

Ch 1 | Liquid: compressibility?

Essentially not compressible.

Ch 1 | Liquid: particle motion?

Medium; particles slide past one another.

Ch 1 | Liquid: particle arrangement?

Close together and packed, but less ordered than a solid.

Ch 1 | Liquid: particle attractions?

Strong compared with gases.

Ch 1 | Gas: shape and volume?

Takes both the shape and volume of its container.

Ch 1 | Gas: compressibility?

Very compressible.

Ch 1 | Gas: particle motion?

Fast and chaotic.

Ch 1 | Gas: particle arrangement?

Particles are far apart.

Ch 1 | Gas: particle attractions?

Weak.

Ch 1 | What determines the observed physical state of a sample?

Temperature and pressure.

Ch 1 | What is a pure substance?

Matter with distinct properties and a fixed, consistent composition.

Ch 1 | Can a pure substance be separated by physical means?

No.

Ch 1 | What are the two types of pure substances?

Elements and compounds.

Ch 1 | What is a mixture?

A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined; each component retains its identity and properties.

Ch 1 | Does a mixture have fixed or variable composition?

Variable composition.

Ch 1 | Can a mixture be separated by physical means?

Yes, for example by filtration, distillation, or chromatography.

Ch 1 | What are the two types of mixtures?

Homogeneous and heterogeneous.

Ch 1 | What is a homogeneous mixture?

A mixture with uniform composition and properties throughout; also called a solution.

Ch 1 | What is a heterogeneous mixture?

A mixture with nonuniform composition, often with distinct or discernible parts/phases.

Ch 1 | Can homogeneous mixtures exist as solids, liquids, and gases?

Yes. Examples in the notes: bronze (solid), coffee (liquid), and air (gas).

Ch 1 | How do you classify matter using the flowchart?

Ask: Is it uniform? If no → heterogeneous mixture. If yes, ask if composition is variable. Variable → homogeneous mixture; fixed → pure substance. Then one atom type → element; more than one atom type → compound.

Ch 1 | What is an element?

A pure substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by ordinary chemical reactions; it contains one kind of atom.

Ch 1 | What is an atom?

A small building block of matter associated with an element; it cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by ordinary chemical reactions.

Ch 1 | What is a compound?

A pure substance composed of atoms from two or more different elements.

Ch 1 | What is a molecule?

Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

Ch 1 | Are all molecules compounds?

No. Molecules may contain one element (such as N2) or multiple elements.

Ch 1 | According to the Chapter 1 notes, are all compounds molecules?

The notes summarize: all compounds are molecules, but not all molecules are compounds. Chapter 2 later clarifies ionic compounds are better described with formula units.

Ch 1 | What is the Law of Constant Composition?

A given compound always contains its elements in the same proportions.

Ch 1 | What is composition?

The number of each type of element present.

Ch 1 | What is structure?

The way atoms are arranged together.

Ch 1 | What are isomers?

Substances with the same chemical formula but different arrangements of atoms.

Ch 1 | Why can isomers have different properties?

Different structures can produce different properties even when composition is the same.

Ch 1 | What order is generally used in organic molecular formulas?

Carbon first, hydrogen second, then other elements alphabetically.

Ch 1 | What general ordering is used for many inorganic formulas?

Increasing electronegativity, generally left to right across the periodic table.

Ch 1 | Classify: 24-karat gold

Pure substance — element.

Ch 1 | Classify: Baking soda, NaHCO3

Pure substance — compound.

Ch 1 | Classify: Salt, NaCl

Pure substance — compound.

Ch 1 | Classify: Sugar, C12H22O11

Pure substance — compound.

Ch 1 | Classify: Sugar and salt mixed together

Heterogeneous mixture.

Ch 1 | Classify: Sugar and salt dissolved in water

Homogeneous mixture (solution).

Ch 1 | Classify: Isopropyl alcohol, C3H7OH

Pure substance — compound.

Ch 1 | Classify: 58% gold alloy with other metals

Homogeneous mixture (alloy).

Ch 1 | Classify: Gold-plated ring

Heterogeneous mixture.

Elements | What is the symbol for Hydrogen?

H

Elements | What element is H?

Hydrogen

Elements | What is the symbol for Helium?

He

Elements | What element is He?

Helium

Elements | What is the symbol for Lithium?

Li

Elements | What element is Li?

Lithium

Elements | What is the symbol for Beryllium?

Be

Elements | What element is Be?

Beryllium

Elements | What is the symbol for Boron?

B

Elements | What element is B?

Boron

Elements | What is the symbol for Carbon?

C

Elements | What element is C?

Carbon

Elements | What is the symbol for Nitrogen?

N

Elements | What element is N?

Nitrogen

Elements | What is the symbol for Oxygen?

O

Elements | What element is O?

Oxygen

Elements | What is the symbol for Fluorine?

F

Elements | What element is F?

Fluorine

Elements | What is the symbol for Neon?

Ne

Elements | What element is Ne?

Neon

Elements | What is the symbol for Sodium?

Na

Elements | What element is Na?

Sodium

Elements | What is the symbol for Magnesium?

Mg

Elements | What element is Mg?

Magnesium

Elements | What is the symbol for Aluminum?

Al

Elements | What element is Al?

Aluminum

Elements | What is the symbol for Silicon?

Si

Elements | What element is Si?

Silicon

Elements | What is the symbol for Phosphorus?

P

Elements | What element is P?

Phosphorus

Elements | What is the symbol for Sulfur?

S

Elements | What element is S?

Sulfur

Elements | What is the symbol for Chlorine?

Cl

Elements | What element is Cl?

Chlorine

Elements | What is the symbol for Argon?

Ar

Elements | What element is Ar?

Argon

Elements | What is the symbol for Potassium?

K

Elements | What element is K?

Potassium

Elements | What is the symbol for Calcium?

Ca

Elements | What element is Ca?

Calcium

Elements | What is the symbol for Scandium?

Sc

Elements | What element is Sc?

Scandium

Elements | What is the symbol for Titanium?

Ti