Barriers, Innate Cells, and Inflammation

Dr. Kaplan

What is a major result of activating an immune response?

Inflammation

What is the goal of the immune response?

rid yourself of the pathogen

Why type of immune response can cause inflammation?

both innate and adaptive

What are the two types of inflammation?

acute or chronic

What is a downside of inflammation?

It can cause tissue damage

Medical term for fever?

malaise

What is malaise due to?

immune response

Barriers are the first line of defense for the immune system. What are some examples of physical barriers?

skin, mucous membranes, respiratory tract, and urogenital tract

How do mucous membranes act as a barrier to pathogens?

secrete mucus to trap things

What are the two ways that the respiratory tract acts as a barrier to pathogens?

air turbulence and hairlike cilia (mucociliary elevator)

How does the urogenital tract act as a barrier?

urination and acidic vaginal secretions

What are examples of chemical barriers?

Acidic pH on skin, GI, and vagina

Compared to the colon, stomach pH is very ____

low

Because the stomach pH is very low, what happens to the colonization of intestine by ingested microbes?

low

A barrier for the IS is that the body secretes microcidal molecules from the skin, respiratory tract, GI tract, or eye. What do these molecules do?

Lyse microbial membranes or act as chemoattractants for other innate cells

What are examples of microcidal molecules on the skin?

Lysozyme, RNases, DNases

What are examples of microcidal molecules in the respiratory tract?

defensins

What are examples of microcidal molecules in the GI tract?

digestive enzymes, lysozymes in saliva

What are examples of microcidal molecules in the lacrimal secretions of the eye?

lysozyme

There are biological barriers to infection. What does this mean?

Microbes that exist in a symbiotic relationship within the body

T/F most biological barriers to infection are non-pathogenic

TRUE

What is an acception to non-pathogenic being no dangerous?

immunocompromised host

How do defensins (+ charged peptides) cause cell lysis?

by forming pores

What does CD?

cluster of differentiation

What is activation?

Cells receive stimulus and start to do something

What does CD11b define?

macrophage

T/F Most CDs are extracellular

TRUE

What are the three major cytokines?

ILs, IFNs, and TNF

What can attract cells to the site of release usually at the infection or insult site?

Chemokines

What is IL-6?

Pro-inflammatory cytokine

T/F Part of the adaptive response is to help/enhance the innate response

TRUE

Process of pathogen detection?

surveillance, recognition, action

What are the two major forms of communications for innate cells?

cytokines and protein-protein interactions

What cell types can degranulation be done by?

mast cells, eosinophils, and neutrophils

What can happen after phagocytosis of a pathogen?

destruction and initiation of adaptive response

Much of surveillance of the IS is done by innate cells. What are these cells?

langerhans cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils

Where are langerhans cells?

skin

Where are dendritic cells?

almost everywhere

Where are macrophages?

tissues

Where are neutrophils?

blood or tissue

Cytokines and chemokines are secreted and can act in an ______ or _____ fashion

autocrine (self), paracrine (next to it)

Cells have to have _____ for communication to occur

receptors

What are the consequences of immune cell communication?

activation, polarization, trafficking

What are the three major lineages of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC)?

Erythroid, lymphoid, and myeloid

From what HSC lineage do most adaptive cells arist?

lymphoid

From what HSC lineage do most innate cells arise from?

myloid

Where do NK cells arise from (lineages)?

Lymphoid

The coordination of the IS is handled by what?

growth factors and cytokines

M-CSF (macrophage colony stimulating factor) induces the production of what?

macrophages

Localization also helps coordinate hematopoiesis. This creates what?

microenvironments

Once cells are matured they move from the bone marrow to the blood through capillary networks. Which cells remain in the blood?

neutrophils and eosinophils

Once cells are matured they move from the bone marrow to the blood through capillary networks. Which cells are directed into tissues?

Mast cells and DCs

Once cells are matured they move from the bone marrow to the blood through capillary networks. Which cells can enter tissues and differentiate into macrophages?

monocytes

Large increases in cell counts, especially _____ indicates active inflammation

neutrophils

Large numbers of releases immature neutrophils (left shift), is indicative of what?

severe, acture inflammation

Why avoid bone marrow aspirates?

more invasive

Neutrophils are know as what

polymorphonuclear

Neutrophils are know as what in bird/reptiles

heterophils

Neutrophils have have _____ nucleus

split

What are the actions of neutrophils?

phagocytosis and destruction, degranulation, and traps

From what lineage do neutrophils come from?

myeloid

From what lineage do eosinophils come from?

myeloid

What is a features of eosinophils?

granulocytic

What are some actions of eosinophils?

degranulation, antiparasitic, allergy

Lifespan of eosinophiles

days to weeks

Lifespan of neutrophils

2-3 days

Lifespan of basophils

days

Actions of basophils

degranulation

From what lineage are basophils?

myeloid

Lifespan of moncytes?

days

What are monocytes precursors of?

macrophages

From what lineage are monocytes?

myeloid

What are the actions of monocytes?

becoming a macrophage

Where are monocytes?

in the blood

Where are basophils?

in the blood

Where are eosinophils?

In the blood and tissues lining CI tract and airways

Where are neutrophils?

in the blood

If a macrophage is in the liver, what is it called?

kupffer cells

If a macrophage is in the CNS, what is it called?

microglial cells

If a macrophage is in the airway, what is it called?

alveolar macrophages

If a macrophage is in the spleen, what is it called?

splenic macrophages

From what lineage are macrophages?

myeloid

Where are macrophages located?

peripheral tissue

Lifespan of macrophages

Months

What are the actions of macrophages?

surveillance, antigen presentation, phagocytosis and destruction, and release of inflammatory mediators

What are the two subtypes of macrophages?

M1 or M2

What are the two types of dendritic cells (DC)?

conventional and plasmacytoid

From what lineage are dendritic cells?

myeloid

Where are DCs?

tissue

Lifespan of DCs

months

What are the actions of DCs?

surveillance, antigen presentation, phagocytosis, release of inflammatory mediators, and bridge between innate and adaptive immunity

From what lineage are mast cells?

myeloid

Where aer mast cells?

connective tissue

life space of mast vells

weeks to months

What are the actions of mast cells?

immune surveillane, degranulation, and role in allergy (histamine)

What is the lineage of NK Cells?

lymphoid

Where are NK cells located>

blood and spleen

Lifespan of NK cells?

weeks to months

What are actions of NK cells?

destruction of abnormal cells (MHC trigger) and targeted release of cytotoxic granules