Topic 4: Ecology

Oil

________ and natural gas is formed in the mud at the bottom of seas and lakes.

Greenhouse gases

________: 30 % of solar radiation is absorbed by ozone (UV rays)

Limestone

________: Animals such as reef- building corals and molluscs have hard parts that are composed of calcium carbonate.

Industrialisation

________ and climate change: ________ has caused the combustion of fossil fuels and biomass on a wider and more profound level.

ATP

(________=> heat) Heat energy in ecosystems: ● Heat energy can not be converted to any other form of energy; hence when it is produced it is generally lost to the environment.

Peat

________ is compressed and heated, turning into coal.

Methanogenesis

________: Methane is produced from organic matter in anaerobic conditions by methanogenic archaeans and some diffuses into the atmosphere.

Respiration

________ and energy release: Energy released by ________ is used in living organisms and converted to heat.

Quadrat sampling

________: Base line marked around habitat using measuring tape.

Methane

________ is a waste product of anaerobic respiration.

Nitrous oxide

________: Released by bacteria and by agricultural processes /vehicle exhausts.

Energy

________ in food chains: Chemical ________ in carbon compounds flows through food chains by means of feeding.

carbon compounds

Heterotrophs obtain ________ from other organisms.

internal digestion

Detritivores: Obtain organic nutrients by ________.

O Oxidation

________ is exothermic and therefore energy releasing- the energy released is stored in ATP.

Long wavelength emissions

________ from Earth: Earth absorbs short- wave energy and re- emits longer wavelengths in the form of infrared radiation.

Inorganic nutrients

________: Autotrophs and heterotrophs obtain ________ from the abiotic environment.

O Carbohydrates

________ and lipids are oxidised during cell respiration.

Global temperatures

________ and carbon dioxide concentrations: Carbon dioxide concentrations from ice cores are consistent with the positive correlation between carbon dioxide concentration and ________.

Nutrients

________ are often recycled and the waste products of one organism can be used by another.

Porous rocks

________ hold methane and the sedimentation is formed by impervious rocks placed above and below that prevent the deposits escape.

O Bacteria

________ use the organic acids and alcohol to produce acetate, carbon dioxide and hydrogen.

Release of carbon dioxide

________ from cell respiration: Release of carbon dioxide from cell respiration through diffusion.

O

________ Caused by incomplete decomposition in aerobic environments o Compression and heating due to sedimentation causes chemical changes to occur.

Biomass

________, measured in grams, also diminishes along food chains due to loss of carbon dioxide and water from respiration and uneaten /undigested parts of food.

heat energy

● Also reflects ________ back from the Earths surface.

Consumers

________: Consumers are heterotrophs that feed on living organisms by ingestion.

● Mixotrophs

________ can have both auto /heterotrophic tendencies depending on environmental circumstance.

Saprotrophs

________: Saprotrophs are heterotrophs that obtain organic matter by external digestion.

Independent

________ distribution: no association between species (forms null hypothesis during chi squared test)

Large deposits

________ are a result of incomplete decomposition of organic matter and its burial in sediments that became rock.

● Monatomic oxygen

________ and highly reactive hydroxyl radicals are involved in methane oxidation.

● Coal

________, oil and natural gas are burned as fuels.

Second

________ is used to determine a distance out across the habitat at right angles to the tape.

● Producers

________ can release energy from their carbon compounds by cell respiration and then use it for cell activities.

Archaeans

________ produce methane from carbon dioxide, hydrogen and acetate.

Greenhouse

________ gases capture 85 % of remitted light; some of this energy is radiated back to earth as it is scattered in all directions when re- emitted.

Peat

________ formation: Forms when organic matter is not fully decomposed because of anaerobic conditions in waterlogged soils.

porous rocks

Fossilized organic matter: Partially decomposed organic matter was converted into oil and gas in ________ /coal.

Nutrients

________ refer to elements that an organism needs.

4 Ecology 4.1 Species, communities and ecosystems Species

● Species are groups of organisms that interbreed to produce fertile offspring

● Interbreeding maintains recognizable characteristics of species Populations

● Members of a species may be reproductively isolated in separate populations

Consumers

● Consumers are heterotrophs that feed on living organisms by ingestion

Detritivores

● Obtain organic nutrients by internal digestion

● Organic matter

dead leaves, feathers, dead animal parts, feces

Saprotrophs

● Saprotrophs are heterotrophs that obtain organic matter by external digestion

Community

● Populations of different species co-existing

● All species are dependent on relations with other species, which is why no population of one species can live in isolation

except humans, because we're independent af

Quadrat sampling

● Base line marked around habitat using measuring tape

o Negative associations

two species occur in different parts of a habitat thus tend to not grow around each other and are therefore associated

o Independent distribution

no association between species (forms null hypothesis during chi squared test)

Ecosystems

● Community forms an ecosystem by its interactions with the abiotic environment ● Organisms cannot live in isolation as they depend on their non-living surroundings of air, water, soil or rock ok yea so maybe humans aren't independent

Inorganic nutrients

● Autotrophs and heterotrophs obtain inorganic nutrients from the abiotic environment

Nutrient cycles

● Supply of inorganic nutrients is maintained by nutrient cycling

Ecosystem sustainability

● Ecosystems have the potential to be sustainable over long periods of time

● Three requirements of nutrient sustainability

o Nutrient availability o Detoxification of waste products

4.2 Energy flow Sunlight and ecosystems

● Most ecosystems rely on a supply of energy from sunlight

● Three groups of autotrophs

plants, eukaryotic algae and cyanobacteria

Energy conversion

● Light energy is converted to chemical energy in carbon compounds by photosynthesis

Energy in food chains

● Chemical energy in carbon compounds flows through food chains by means of feeding

Respiration and energy release

● Energy released by respiration is used in living organisms and converted to heat

o Oxidation is exothermic and therefore energy releasing

the energy released is stored in ATP

(ATP => heat) Heat energy in ecosystems

● Heat energy cannot be converted to any other form of energy; hence when it is produced it is generally lost to the environment

Energy losses from ecosystems

● Only about 10% of the energy at each tropic level becomes part of the biomass of the organism in the next trophic level

Carbon dioxide in solution

● Carbon dioxide is present as a dissolved gas or hydrogen carbonate ions in aquatic habitats

● Aquatic plants to make carbohydrates and other carbon compounds absorb carbon dioxide and HCO3

ions

Absorption of carbon dioxide

● Carbon dioxide taken in by autotrophs

Release of carbon dioxide from cell respiration

● Release of carbon dioxide from cell respiration through diffusion

Methanogenesis

● Methane is produced from organic matter in anaerobic conditions by methanogenic archaeans and some diffuses into the atmosphere

Oxidation of methane

● Methane is oxidised to carbon dioxide and water in the atmosphere

Peat formation

● Forms when organic matter is not fully decomposed because of anaerobic conditions in waterlogged soils

Fossilised organic matter

● Partially decomposed organic matter was converted into oil and gas in porous rocks/coal

Combustion

● Carbon dioxide is produced by the combustion of biomass and fossilised organic matter

Limestone

● Animals such as reef-building corals and molluscs have hard parts that are composed of calcium carbonate

Pool versus flux

● Pool is a reserve of an element whilst flux is the transfer of an element from one pool to another

● Nitrous oxide

o Released by bacteria and by agricultural processes/vehicle exhausts

Long-wavelength emissions from Earth

● Earth absorbs short-wave energy and re-emits longer wavelengths in the form of infrared radiation

Greenhouse gases

● 30% of solar radiation is absorbed by ozone (UV rays)

Global temperatures and carbon dioxide concentrations

● Carbon dioxide concentrations from ice cores are consistent with the positive correlation between carbon dioxide concentration and global temperature

Industrialisation and climate change

● Industrialisation has caused the combustion of fossil fuels and biomass on a wider and more profound level

Coral reefs and carbon dioxide

● Ocean acidification will increase as carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere increase