Chpt. 5 - States of Consciousness

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32 Terms

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Activation Synthesis Theory

The theory that dreams begin with random electrical activation coming from the brain stem. Dreams, then, are the brain's attempt to make sense of - to synthesize - this random activity

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Addiction

A condition in which a person continues to use a drug despite its adverse effects - often despite repeated attempts to discontinue using the drug. ___ may be based on physical or psychological dependence

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Cataplexy

Sudden loss of muscle control

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Circadian Rhythms

Physiological patterns that repeat approximately every 24 hours, such as the sleep-wakefulness cycle

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Cognitive Neuroscience

An interdisciplinary field involving cognitive psychology, neurology, biology, computer science, linguistics, and specialists from other fields who are interested in the connection between mental processes and the brain

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Consciousness

The process by which the brain creates a model of internal and external experience

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Daydreaming

A common and quite normal variation of consciousness in which attention shifts to memories, expectations, desires, or fantasies and away from the immediate situation

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Depressants

Drugs that slow down mental and physical activity by inhibiting transmission of nerve impulses in the central nervous system

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Hallucinogens

Drugs that create hallucinations or alter perceptions of the external environment and inner awareness

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Hypnosis

An induced state of awareness, usually characterized by heightened suggestibility, deep relaxation, and highly focused attention

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Insomnia

The most common of sleep disorders - involving insufficient sleep, the inability to fall asleep quickly, frequent arousals, or early awakenings

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Latent Content

The symbolic meaning of objects and events in a dream. ___ ___ is usually an interpretation based on Freud's psychoanalytic theory or one of its variants

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Manifest Content

The storyline of a dream, taken at face value without interpretation

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Meditation

A state of consciousness often induced by focusing on a repetitive behavior, assuming certain body positions, and minimizing external stimulation. ___ may be intended to enhance self knowledge, well being, and spirituality

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Narcolepsy

A disorder of REM sleep, involving sleep onset REM periods and sudden daytime REM sleep attacks usually accompanied by cataplexy

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Night Terrors

Deep sleep episodes that seem to produce terror, although any terrifying mental experience (such as a dream) is usually forgotten upon awakening. _____ _____ occur mainly in children

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Non REM Sleep (NREM)

The recurring periods, mainly associated with the deeper stages of sleep, when a sleeper is not showing rapid eye movements

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Nonconscious Processes

Any brain process that does not involve conscious processing, including both preconscious memories and unconscious memories

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Opiates

Highly addictive drugs, derived from opium, that can produce a profound sense of well being and have strong pain relieving properties

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Physical Dependence

A process by which the body adjusts to, and comes to need, a drug for its everyday functioning

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Preconscious Memories

Information that is not currently in consciousness but can be recalled to consciousness voluntarily or after something calls attention to them

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Psychoactive Drugs

Chemicals that affect mental processes and behavior by their effects on the brain

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Psychological Dependence

A desire to obtain or use a drug, even though there is no physical dependence

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REM Rebound

A condition of increased REM sleep caused by REM sleep deprivation

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REM Sleep

A stage of sleep that occurs approximately every 90 minutes, marked by bursts of rapid eye movements occurring under closed eyelids. ___ ___ periods are associated with dreaming

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Sleep Apnea

A respiratory disorder in which the person intermittently stops breathing many times while asleep

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Sleep Debt

A sleep deficiency caused by not getting the amount of sleep that one requires for optimal functioning

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Sleep Paralysis

A condition in which a sleeper is unable to move any of the voluntary muscles, except those controlling the eyes. This normally occurs during REM sleep

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Stimulants

Drugs that arouse the central nervous system, speeding up mental and physical responses

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Tolerance

The reduced effectiveness a drug has after repeated use

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Unconscious

In classic Freudian theory, a part of the mind that houses memories, desires, and feelings that would be threatening if brought to consciousness. Many modern cognitive psychologists view the _______ in less sinister terms, merely as a collection of mental processes that operate outside of awareness - but not typically suppressing information or working at odds with consciousness

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Withdrawal

A pattern of uncomfortable or painful physical symptoms and cravings experienced by the user when the level of drug is decreased or the drug is eliminated