Psych Exam Revision

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51 Terms

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Aim
What a researcher is interested in investigating in their study, purpose of the research
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Hypothesis
Identifies cause and effect relationship between 2 variables
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Variable
A person, place, phenomenon or thing that is being measured in some way: 5 different types
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Independent Variable
What is modified to change the results
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Dependent Variable
What changes because of the Independent Variable
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Controlled Variable
Variable which must remain constant so as not to interfere with the Dependent Variable
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Extraneous Variable
Any variable that you're not investigating that can potentially affect the outcomes of your research study, many different types.
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Confounding Variable
Extraneous variable which influences both the supposed cause and the supposed effect
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Participant-Related Variable
Extraneous variable which refers to any characteristic of a participant’s background that could affect study results
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Situational Variable
Extraneous factors in the environment that can unintentionally affect the results of a study
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Order Effects
When participants' responses are affected by the order of conditions to which they were exposed
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Experimenter Effect
The extraneous influence exerted by the experimenter's expectations or other characteristics on the results of an experiment
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Controlled Experiment
Experiment where the conditions for two groups are kept the same with the exception of one variable factor
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Psychological Development
The changes in an individual’s social, emotional and cognitive abilities throughout the lifespan
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Biopsychosocial Model
Model which looks at the interconnection between the social, psychological and biological factors on one’s life
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Maturation
Changes in thinking, sense of responsibility, and better ability to adjust to successfully address daily issues.
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Neurons
Basic working unit of the brain: designed to transmit information from the brain to the body and vice-versa via electrical pulses.
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Motor Neurons
Neurons in the brain/spinal cord responsible for coordinating movement, tend to have longer axons.
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Sensory Neurons
Neurons which carry sensory information to the brain
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Interneuron
Any neuron which transmits impulses between other neurons
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Synapse
Junction between two nerve cells, small gap over which electronic/chemical transmissions pass over
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Synaptic Pruning
Brain eliminates extra synapses
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Myelination
Refers to formation of Myelin Sheath around a nerve for better conduction
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Synaptogenesis
Refers to the formation of synapses, the points of contact where information is transmitted between neurons
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Gut-Brain Axis
Refers to the physical and chemical connections between your gut and brain
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Can Voldemort Win If Dumbledore Dies: Ethical Considerations
Confidentiality

Voluntary Participation

Withdrawal Rights

Informed Consent

Deception

Debriefing
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Kinds of Experimental Designs
* Independent
* Matched-Participant
* Repeated Measures
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Independent Design
Experimental design whereby two groups are exposed to different experimental conditions
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Matched-Participant Design
Experimental design wherein study participants are matched based on key variables, or shared characteristics, relevant to the topic of the study
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Repeated-Measures Design
Experimental design that involves multiple measures of the same variable taken on the same or matched subjects either under different conditions or over two or more time periods
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Piaget Stages

1. Sensorimotor (0-2 Yrs)
2. Pre-Operational (2-7 Yrs)
3. Concrete Operational (7-12 Yrs)
4. Formal Operational (12+ Yrs)
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Sensorimotor Achievements
* Object Permanence
* Goal-Oriented Behaviours
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Pre-Operational Achievements
* Symbolic Thinking
* Egocentrism
* Animism
* Transformation
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Concrete Operational Achievements
* Conservation
* Reversibility
* Classification
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Formal Operational Achievements
* Abstract Thought
* Hypothetical Deductive Reasoning
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MAGICISI: Erikson Stages

1. Mistrust vs Trust
2. Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt
3. Guilt vs Initiative
4. Industry vs Inferiority
5. Confusion vs Identity
6. Intimacy vs Isolation
7. Stagnation vs Generativity
8. Integrity vs Despair
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Kohlberg’s Moral Development Stages

1. Punishment and Obedience (Childhood)
2. Naive Reward (Childhood)
3. Interpersonal Conformity (Good boy/girl) (Adolescence/Adult)
4. Authority and Social Order (Adolescence/Adult)
5. Social Contract (Some Adults)
6. Universal Ethics and Individual Principles (Few Adults)
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Secure Attachment
Distressed when caregiver leaves, avoidant of the stranger, satisfied when they come back
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Insecure-Avoidant
No distress when caregiver leaves, fine with the stranger, shows little interest when they return
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Insecure-Resistant
Intense distress when caregiver leaves, avoids/is scared of the stranger, approaches them when they return but resists contact
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Disorganised Attachment
Behaviours are scattered and inconsistent
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Dendrites
Receive information from other neurons
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Axon Terminals
Holds neurotransmitters which send signals to the dendrites of other neurons
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Myelin
Fatty protein which insulates the axons, ensures faster connectivity and protection
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Spatial Neglect
Attention disorder where a person cannot notice anything on their left or right field of vision (Damage often to right parietal)
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Neurodiversity
Idea that every human has a unique nervous system with different combinations of abilities/needs
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Adaptive
Describes emotions/behaviours/cognitions that enable us to adapt to our environment effectively
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Maladaptive
Describes emotions/behaviours/cognitions that interfere with our ability to adapt to our environment effectively
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Pseudoscience
Proposition, finding or system of explanation that is presented as science but that lacks the credibility linked with the scientific method
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Emotional Development
Changes in how a person experiences, interprets and expresses emotions and their ability to cope with them effectively
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Social Development
Change over time in an individual's understanding of, attitudes concerning, and behavior toward others