Chapter 10 - ANP

Elbow joint has 2 joints

Humeroulnar joint

Humeroradial joint

Coxal Joint

articulation between head of femur and acetabulum of pelvic bone

3 major ligaments that connect pelvis to femur

Pubofemoral ligament

Illiofemoral ligament

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Tibiofemoral joint (knee joint)

Articulation between the condyle of the femur and condyle of tibila, no involvement of the knee cap (separate joint)

Ankle joint (talofibular joint?)

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Sprain

Twisting or wrenching of a joint that results in ligament stretching or damage, but does not dislocate the bones.

How to treat sprains

Protection - from further damage

Resting - the injured area

Icing - the injured area for periodic intervals

Compression - to injured area to reduce swelling

Elevation - of the injured area to reduce swelling. Propped up reduces blood flow to the region, which reduces swelling.

Also applies to: muscle strains, joint inflammation, suspected fractures, and bruises.

Partial meniscectomy

Removal of the torn and damaged cartilage in the meniscus. The tearing of meniscus in the knee may result in arthritis without surgical intervention.

Arthroscopy

subtype of endoscopy, focuses on examining the interior of a joint

Aspiration of synovial fluid

Excessive build-up of synovial fluid in a joint results in pain and decreased mobility. Removal of synovial fluid via needle is aspiration.

Affects of aging on the joints

• Decreased synovial fluid production

• Thinning of articular cartilage

• Shortening of ligaments - your body thinks you’re not using it, so the body trims it away so that it is easier to maintain.

Results in reduction in range of motion. Joint deterioration depends on wear and tear of joints suffered throughout an individual’s lifetime, as well as genetic heritage.

Arthroplasty

Repairing and replacing joints. Surgical replacement of damaged joints with artificial joints. During the procedure, ends of the damaged bones are removed, replaced with metal, ceramic, or plastic components.

Hip, knee, and shoulder joint replacements are the most common.

Joint disorders (Rheumatism)

Rheumatism - any painful disorder of the bones, ligaments, tendons, or muscles that is not caused by infection or injury.

Types of Rheumatism (Arthritis, Osteoarthritis, Gouty Arthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis)

Arthritis - joints are swollen, stiff, and painful

• Osteoarthritis - degenerative disease where joint cartilage is gradually lost

• Gouty arthritis - where sodium irate crystals are deposited in the soft tissues of the joint

• Rheumatoid Arthritis - characterized by the inflammation of the synovial membrane in joints. The body removes the joint by forming a granulation membrane around the articular cartilage that breaks down the cartilage. Once the cartilage is destroyed (in the joint) the fibrous tissues joins the bones and ossifies, immobilizing the joint.

Lyme disease

Caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, transmitted from deer tick to humans. Symptoms - joint stiffness, fevers, headache, nausea, back pain, and eventually arthritis.

Nomenclature (Arthralgia, bursectomy, chondritic, luxation, synovitis)

Arthralgia - pain within a joint

Bursectomy - removal of a bursa

Chondritis - inflammation of cartilage

Luxation - joint dislocation, when bones in a joint become displaced or misaligned. Typically involves ligament damage. Subluxation is a partial or incomplete joint dislocation.

Synovitis - inflammation of the synovial membrane