Living on Land - Chapter 12

These flashcards cover key terms and concepts from Chapter 12 on living on land, focusing on the anatomy, locomotion, and physiological adaptations of tetrapods.

The central core structure supporting the body, which includes the vertebral column and skull, is known as the __.

Axial Skeleton

__ are four-limbed vertebrates that have adapted to life on land, including amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Tetrapods

__ are interlocking joints on the vertebral column that help resist gravitational forces in tetrapods.

Zygapophyses

Muscles located below the vertebral level, involved in posture and respiration in tetrapods, are called __.

Hypaxial Muscles

Muscles located above the vertebral level, involved in posture and locomotion, are known as __.

Epaxial Muscles

The limb bones and girdles, including leg and arm bones, that facilitate movement, constitute the __.

Appendicular Skeleton

The ability of an organism to move from one place to another, which includes gaits like walking and trotting, is called __.

Locomotion

A group of tetrapods that lay eggs with a protective amniotic membrane, including reptiles, birds, and mammals, are known as __.

Amniotes

__ is a method of breathing used by non-amniotes to ventilate lungs, involving the mouth.

Positive-pressure Buccal Pumping

A method used by amniotes for lung ventilation relying on a decrease in chest cavity pressure is called __.

Negative-pressure Aspiration Pumping

__ are structures that prevent backflow of blood, ensuring unidirectional flow towards the heart.

Valves in Veins

The process of moving air in and out of the lungs is known as __.

Ventilation

The sense of smell, which involves the detection of airborne chemical signals, is known as __.

Olfaction

The __ involves the kidneys and the bladder for excretion of waste products from metabolism.

Urinary System

Strategies employed by terrestrial tetrapods to minimize water loss and find water are called __.

Water Conservation

The reliance on external environmental heat sources to regulate body temperature is known as __.

Ectothermy

The use of metabolic heat to maintain body temperature independent of environmental conditions is called __.

Endothermy

The ability of organisms to exhibit varying body temperature throughout different times or regions is known as __.

Heterothermy