chem rate of reaction

surface area

when increasing the surface area (grinding, slicing,dissolving)of solid reactants, it exposes more molecules to each other than before, hence increasing the frequency/probability of effective collisions; increasing the rate (opposite occurs when surface area is small)

concentration

with an increase in the number of reactant molecules present, there is an increase in the frequency/ probability of effective collisions occurring, hence increasing the rate(the reverse is true when concentration is low)

Temperature

By increasing temperature, the molecules have more kinetic energy which increases the frequency/ probability effective collisions.With more energy the activation energy barrier can be more easily overcome more often. Both increase the rate (the opposite occurs when temp Is low)

Pressure/ volume

By decreasing the volume of a container so increasing the pressure, the molecules have less space to move and are in closer proximity to one another, hence increasing the frequency/ probability of effective collisions and increasing the rate (increasing the volume s decreasing the pressure decreases the rate)

Catalyst

Allows for an alternate reaction pathway of lower activation energy so that more collisions can overcome the barrier more often, increase the rate, They are not consumed and can be recovered.

A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction, or lowers the temperature or pressure needed to start one, without itself being consumed during the reaction.

Endo

diagram:reactant lower then products (energy absorbed) delta h positive

exo

diagram: reactant higher then product (energy is released) delta h negative

Total enthalpy

total enthalpy of the equation(find heat capacity, put it into H sys to get tot enthalpy unit, J or Kj)

Molar enthalpy

the enthalpy change per mole of a substance undergoing change unit (kj/mol or j/mol)

Temp

mesurment of how hot or cold

thermal energy

kinetics energy of all particles in an object

heat

Transfer of thermal energy form a warmer object to a cooler object, measured in units of energy (joules=j)