Geography - Rural+Urban

Where are the significant areas of population located in the UK?

The South-East, around London The Midlands around Birmingham The North-West around Liverpool and Manchester The North-East around Newcastle

What is urban-rural continuum?

the range of human environments from the very densely built-up areas to the most remote, sparsely populated areas

Sphere of influence

the area over which an urban area provides an economic and social influence

What is Counter-Urbanisation?

the movement of people from urban areas into rural areas

What is Rural Depopulation?

the movement of people from remote rural areas to more urban areas

What is the case study for counter-urbanisation?

London to Stanton St John (or Horspath etc)

What are the pull factors of counter-urbanisation?

peace and quiet, better schools, low crime rates, better community, space for children to play

What are the push factors of counter-urbanisation?

noise, air and light pollution, expensive, congestion, high crime rates, no place for children to play, perceived low standards of schooling

What are the socio-economic impacts of counter-urbanisation on rural communities?

new services may open or be saved from closure e.g. schools, pubs, shops and public transport, old derelict farm buildings are turned into habitable dwellings conflicts may occur between 'newcomers' & local residents newcomers travelling to work cause congestion and pollution house prices may rise as demand increases many newcomers do not support local businesses and do their shopping in the urban areas where they work loss of community spirit if traditions of village are not valued

What are the environmental impacts of counter-urbanisation on rural communities?

traffic causes pollution, disturbance of wildlife, more light pollution.

What are the demographic impacts of counter-urbanisation on rural communities?

the population of rural areas increases, rural turnaround may occur; this is when rural areas which did suffer from depopulation now have an increasing population.

What is the case study of rural depopulation?

Isle of Lewis (Stornoway)

What are the push factors of rural depopulation?

lack of well paid jobs, expensive utilities e.g. gas, poor mobile reception, lack of opportunities, harsh physical environment, poor transport

What are the pull factors of rural depopulation?

better paid jobs, more nightlife, ambitions of young people

What are the socio-economic impacts on rural areas of rural depopulation?

the closing down of services such as schools, shops and post offices and public transport, increased costs per head of providing public utilities, such as water, energy and waste treatment.

What are the environmental impacts on rural areas of rural depopulation?

more wildlife in abandoned crofts, abandoned crofts and empty villages reduce the scenic appeal of the area

What are the demographic impacts on rural areas of rural depopulation?

decreased population in remote rural areas, fewer young adults means fewer young children and therefore ageing population

What are the causes of population change in the UK?

Freedom of women - deciding to concentrate on their career Increased cost of children - material possessions become important Use of contraception increases giving the women the choice of how many children to have More industrial society means that less children are needed to work on farms and in agriculture. Decline in infant mortality rate - more children survive so less need to have so many Improvements in medicine e.g. vaccinations, penicillin etc Improvements in hygiene e.g. sewers etc Ageing population leads to higher death rat

What are the consequences of an ageing population in the UK?

Increase spending through grey pound Giving their time free of charge e.g. charity work Fewer workers leading to decline in unemployment Fewer working people leading to less tax for government Increased cost of pensions People having to work longer e.g. raising retirement age in UK Increased cost of healthcare since older people need more medical care

What are some of the contemporary challenges facing UK towns and cities?

Traffic congestion, Lack of housing, Impacts of gentrification, Noise and air pollution, lack of jobs due to closing of secondary industry (factories)

What is a Greenfield site?

An area which was previously countryside

What are examples of greenfield sites?

Residential - Greater Leys housing/Entertainment - Oxford United Stadium Leisure - Ozone Leisure and Entertainment Park including Hollywood Bowl Industrial - Oxford Science Park, 50 companies - bio-science and computer software. Close to Oxford and Brookes University for research skills.

What is a Brownfield site?

An area which has previously been built on.

What are 2 examples of Brownfield sites?

Industrial - Oxford Business Park Retail - Oxford Retail Park - previously this was part of the Rover car plant - a result of deindustralisation

What are the advantages of a Greenfield site?

Room to expand Pleasant environment Less congestion Cheaper land Easy access

What are disadvantages of a Greenfield site?

Increase urban sprawl Loss of countryside and habitats Valuable farmland lost Loss of business in CBD

What are the advantages of a brownfield site?

Infrastructure in place Reduce urban sprawl Derelict or contaminated areas improved Protection of the green belt

What are the disadvantages of a brownfield site?

More traffic and congestion Site may need to be cleared or decontaminated Access may be difficult

How and why is retailing changing in the UK?

People are shopping outside of CBD in shopping centres or online, due to invent of internet and counter-urbanisation + cars

What are the economic reasons why have people stopped shopping in the CBD?

Increase in the number of home delivery firms, making delivering goods cheaper Congestion in city centres Large areas of free parking in out-of-town retail parks High city-centre parking costs High business rates in city centres

What are the cultural reasons why have people stopped shopping in the CBD?

Car-dependent society Habit of bulk buying and weekly or monthly shops

What are the technological reasons why have people stopped shopping in the CBD?

Development of wide coverage of high-speed broadband Sophisticated websites which can show you your goods from any angle before you buy Rise of many retailers that are only online Internet banking

What are the costs of out of town shopping?

Attracts shoppers from city centres causing their decline Can cause congestion on the surrounding access roads Tends to be the same chain stores that populate shopping centres and retail parks Land use conflict - the edge of city location is in high demand from others

What are the benefits of out of town shopping?

Large free car parking areas Quick and easy access for customers and deliveries Out of town location usually means less congestion Often room for expansion due to edge of city location Land values are cheaper than city-centre locations and therefore the shops are larger, holding more variety of stock Near suburban housing estates and therefore close to customers and workforce

What are the costs of internet shopping?

Not everyone, particularly the elderly, has internet access Goods may not be as expected when delivered and it may be difficult to return them. City centre shops lose trade which may lead to job losses and eventually closure of shops Storage of bank and credit card details on-line can leave customers vulnerable to fraud More delivery vans increase traffic congestion and pollution

What are the benefits of internet shopping?

Convenient and often cheaper method of browsing and buying goods Customers can buy products not available locally It is less time consuming Customers can buy at any time from any location Jobs are provided for those delivering products Traffic congestion in city centres is reduced.

How can high streets be improved?

New street furniture New paving and pedestrianised areas New signs Trees planted Secure bike racks Market days to attract shoppes Events etc

What are the global patterns of urbanisation over space and time?

Urbanisation seen rapid growth - 2% in 1800 to 54% in 2015 Megacities (over 10 million) have seen huge growth in South East Asia Around 20 out of 36 megacities are in South East Asia Western Europe rates of urbanisation have stabalised

What are the reasons for the growth of a NIC city?

Nhava Sheeva - India's largest container port Bollywood - more films than Hollywood Mumbai International Airport Global hub for TNCs e.g. Tata steel Migration due to the decline in rural communities

What are the reasons for the growth of an HIC city?

Cardiff Airport People moved to find work in the Docks related to the sale of coal 1800 to 1930s moved from British Empire (e.g. Somalia) working on ships exporting coal 1930s to 1980s suburban growth due to better transport Mid 1980s onwards - re-urbanisation, development on brownfield sites

How is an NIC city connected to its wider region and to other parts of the world?

Mumbai: Nhava Sheeva - India's largest container port Bollywood - more films than Hollywood Mumbai International Airport Global hub for TNCs e.g. Tata steel

How is an HIC city connected to its wider region and to other parts of the world?

Cardiff Airport M4 motorway Home to Welsh government Millennium Stadium Admiral Insurance

What are the social and cultural patterns in an NIC city?

Mumbai: Mumbai has highest number of millionaires and billionaires in India Half of Mumbai's population live in extreme poverty Many work in informal jobs such as soap making, plastic collecting and street selling Around ⅔ are Hindu, with some districts having large Muslim population

What are the social and cultural patterns in an HIC city?

15% made up of ethnic minorities e.g. Somalis living in Grangetown and Riverside Millennium Centre and Principality Stadium. BBC filming e.g. Dr Who

What are current challenges in an NIC city, including reducing poverty/deprivation and housing?

Mumbai: Reducing poverty - poorly educated migrants fail to get well paid jobs and find themselves in a cycle of deprivation, living in slums where only 24% have access to clean water Poor housing - Dharavi is home to 1.2 million people and one of the most densely populated places on earth. Mumbai Vision will build 1.1 million low cost homes and improve healthcare and water quality

What are current challenges in an HIC city, including reducing poverty/deprivation and housing?

Cardiff: Improving housing - lack of affordable housing. All new developments must have 20-30% affordable especially in Butetown Traffic congestion - high levels of traffic congestion and air pollution due to 50% of cars being commuters. Looking at congestion charge, park and ride, cycle to work Reducing poverty - giving people the skills that employers are looking for.

What are sustainable communities?

Communities that have there needs met now and in the future. They follow the principles of Egan's Wheel.

What are the pillars of a sustainable community, according to Egan's wheel?

• Well-run (everyone participates)

• Active, inclusive and safe

• Well designed and built

• Thriving local economy

• Fair fo everyone

• Environmentally friendly

• Well-served (schools, shops, hospitals etc.)

• Well-connected (good transport links)

What are the advantages of the informal economy for the individual?

• Jobs don't require qualifications

• Don't have to pay tax

What are the advantages of the informal economy for the country?

• Essential services benefit from cheap labour

• People are able to help themselves out of poverty, and don't require aid

What are the disadvantages of the informal economy for the individual?

• Low wages → cycle of poverty

• Few protections e.g sick leave + health and safety → income is unreliable

What contributions does the informal economy make to Mumbai?

Large contribution - the primary form of income for inhabitants of slums (e.g Dharavi) For example: street vending, recycling processing and rickshaw driving

What are the disadvantages of the informal economy for the country?

• Income is not taxed → services don't benefit

• Child labour → uneducated workforce