Lexicography

Lexicography, corpora studies like COCA.

Lexicography

The systematic collection, analysis, and presentation of words and their meanings in a dictionary format.

Lexeme

An abstract unit that represents a concept in a language's vocabulary system.

Word-form

A specific form of a lexeme, such as singular/plural or tense.

Lemma

The form used to represent a lexeme, typically the dictionary form.

Monomorphemic

A word with only one morpheme, e.g., book or shop.

Polymorphemic

A word made up of more than one morpheme, such as bookshop.

Monosemous

A word with one meaning, e.g., dog.

Polysemous

A word with multiple meanings, e.g., bank as a financial institution or the side of a river.

Homographs

Words that are spelled the same but have different meanings, e.g., lead as a metal and lead as to guide.

Homophones

Words that sound the same but have different meanings, e.g., pair and pear.

Synonymy

Words with similar meanings, e.g., happy and joyful.

Antonymy

Words with opposite meanings, e.g., hot and cold.

Hyponymy

A relationship where one word is a more specific instance of a broader category.

Metaphor

Using a word to mean something beyond its literal meaning.

Corpus

A collection of texts used for linguistic research and analysis.

Monolingual corpus

Focuses on a single language, providing insights into its usage and structure.

Bilingual corpus

Contains texts in two languages, useful for translation studies.

Comparable corpus

Includes texts from multiple languages that are similar in content and genre.

Parallel corpus

A type of bilingual corpus where texts in both languages are aligned for direct comparison.

Qualitative study

Focuses on meaning and context; examines language in specific situations.

Quantitative study

Focuses on numbers and patterns; counts occurrences of words and phrases.

Raw frequency

The number of occurrences of a given form in a corpus.

Normalized frequency

The number of occurrences in a normalized sample, typically per million words.

Linguistic annotation

Information added to a corpus providing insights into linguistic features.

Semantic tagging

Adding tags to indicate the meaning or semantic roles of words.

Lexicography

Study of dictionaries

Denotative meaning

The literal or primary meaning of a word.

Connotative meaning

The additional meanings or associations a word may have.

True definition

A precise definition of a concept, consisting of definiendum (the term) and definiens (the definition).

Collocation

The common combinations of words that create specific meanings.

Equivalence

The relationship between a source-language expression and a target-language expression in meaning and usage.

Intensional definition

Definition focusing on the content of a concept.

Query

A query is what you search for in a corpus (a collection of texts). For example, you might search for a word, phrase, or pattern like "happiness" or "isn't it."

Concordances

It shows where and how your query appears in sentences, providing a snippet of text that gives context.

Corpus Order

displays results in the same order as they appear in the text collection.

KWIC (Key Word in Context)

KWIC is a tool that showcases your query in the middle, with surrounding words for context.

Lemmatization

The process of reducing words to their base form or lemma, e.g., went to GO.

Lemma Annotation

Automatically annotating words in a text with their lemma forms mostly automatically, which can include potential errors.

BNC/COCA Annotations

Using corpora like BNC and COCA to analyze common lemma forms and occurrences in various contexts.

Part-of-Speech (POS) Annotation

Labeling words with their grammatical categories, e.g., noun, verb, adjective.

Parsing

Analyzing the grammatical structure of sentences to show relationships between words.

Semantic Tagging

Adding tags to indicate the meaning or semantic roles of words, e.g., dog → [ANIMAL].

Discourse Tagging

Annotating larger structures to explain how sentences connect in discourse.

Speech Prosody Tagging

Marking features such as intonation and stress in spoken language.

Problem-Oriented Tagging

Tagging specific language aspects for research, especially errors in learner language.

Type and Token

1 refers to unique word forms in a corpus, while 2 refers to the total occurrences of those forms.