APUSH period 4

Revolution of 1800

Thomas Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution."

Midnight Appointments

After 1800, the only branch left in the Federalists' hands was the Judiciary. On John Adam's last night as president he made last minute appointments for Federalists to judgeships. He did so in an attempt to maintain Federalist control of judiciary branch.

How did jefferson respond to the midnight appointments

• He replaced as many federalist appointees as possible which resulted in a number of lawsuits against the government, the marshall cases

Jefferson's Presidency

attempted to maintain national bank and debt repayment, carried out neutrality policies, adhered to limited central government, reduced size of military, eliminated federal jobs, repealed excise taxes, lowered national debt, only republicans to cabinet, purchased louisiana purchase

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review because Marbury did indeed have the right to being an appointed judge but the court could not enforce his right

Louisiana Purchase

• territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million in order to secure the mouth of the mississipi river for trade
• doibled the size of the US

Why was the Louisiana Purchase controversial?

President Thomas Jefferson purchased the land, doubling the size of the country, from Napoleon Bonaparte for $15 million ($0.03/acre) without the consent of Congress; the President is not granted that power in the United States Constitution, Article II; land acquisition would be an expressed power of Congress

Impressment

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

Embargo Act of 1807

This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.

Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so Macon's Bill No. 2 replaced it.

Macon's Bill No. 2

Aimed at resuming peaceful trade with Britain and France, the act stipulated that if either Britain or France repealed its trade restrictions, the United States would reinstate the embargo against the nonrepealing nation. When Napoleon offered to lift his restrictions on British ports, the United States was forced to declare an embargo on Britain, thereby pushing the two nations closer toward war.

War Hawks

Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand. Led by henry clay and john c calhoun

Tecumseh and the Prophet

Two Shawnee brothers, Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa, that welded a far-flung confederacy of all the tribes east of the Mississippi. The Prophet was discredited by attacking a much larger American army, and Tecumseh was killed in the Battle of the Thames. Their actions were in response to the flood of western-bound settlers, and resulted in Indian unity and cultural revival. The death of Tecumseh ended the hope of an Indian confederacy.

War of 1812 causes

causes: -pre existing past revolution, British influence on Native Americans, violation of trading rights, British impressment, and U.S desired Canada

War of 1812 Events

Oliver Perry led a 1813 naval victory against the British on Lake Erie. Washington D.C. was captured and burned by the British in 1814. The Battle of New Orleans, won bygeneral andrew jackson, was a great victory for the U.S. in January, 1815, but it took place two weeks after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent had ended the war.

Effects of the War of 1812

• represented the end of native americans ability to stop american expansion
• economy became less relient of trade with britain, increased manufacturing
• paved andrew jacksons presidency
• victory of new orleans led to nationalism
• federalist party destroyed

Hartford convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence

• 2/3 majority required to admit new states, no president can serve more than one four year term, two presidents in a row cannot come from the same state

American system

During madisons presidency a program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements (infrastructure); emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law

Panic of 1819

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of Europena demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

Adams-Onis Treaty

Agreement in which Spain gave up all of Florida to the United States

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western hemisphere

Missouri Compromise

1. Admitted Missouri as a slave state
2. Carved a piece out of Massachusetts-Maine-and admitted Maine as a free state
3. Drew a line along the 36"30' across the louisiana territory
4. Established the southern border of missouri as teh northernmost point at which slavery would then be allowed in the western territories of the US

Tallmadge Amendment

Sought to forbid the further introduction of slaves into Missouri and mandated that all children of slave parents born in the state after its admission should be free at the age of 25; failed to pass the Senate.

Election of 1824

No one won a majority of electoral votes, so the House of Representatives had to decide among Adams, Jackson, and Clay. Clay dropped out and urged his supporters in the House to throw their votes behind Adams. Jackson and his followers were furious and accused Adams and Clay of a "corrupt bargain." Clay was granted position as secretary of state

Spoils system

Jackson's system, which allowed common men who supported him into political office. Led to corruption

Jacksonian Democracy

• A policy of spreading more political power to more people, "common man"
• nation of farmers who owned land
• government would only be large as necessary
• strong presidency
• indian removal act, believed in expansion
• distrust of national banking
• strict constructionist view of constitution

Indian removal act

Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.

Effect of indian removal act on cherokee

• jackson believed that moving would protect themselves from white enchroachment and maintain their traditional customs
• cherokee rufused and brought their case to the supreme court but jackson ulitmately refused to comply in cases of cherokee nation v georgia and worchester v georgia

What did Jefferson think of native americans

He believed they should be assimilated into american culture and develope american farming techniques and culture in order to coexist peacefully

Seminole war

• conflict that began in florida in 1817 between the seminole indians and the us army when the seminoles resisted removal
• incredibly expensive and us government eventually gave up allowing the seminole to stay on their land

Nullification

First expressed by jefferson and madison in the virginia and kentucky resolutions, holds that the individual states have the right to disobey federal laws if they find them unconstitutional

Tariff or Abominations

• Jacksonian Era
• 1828
  he tariff sought to protect northern and western agricultural products from competition with foreign imports; however, the resulting tax on foreign goods would raise the cost of living in the South and would cut into the profits of New England's industrialists.

Nullification Crisis

A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by john calhoun in the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law - the tariff of 1828 - passed by the United States Congress.

• led to a temporary compromise and a strengthened federal authority, but ultimately foreshadowed the Civil War

Jackson's policies toward the bank

Jackson thought that wealthy people were given too much power. Wanted to kill the secknd bank of the US so he vetoed congresses attempt to recharter the bank and he moved money from federal funds into pet banks (state banks)

Specie circular

issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.

Nat Turner's Rebellion

Nat Turner led a group of slaves through virginia in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families. In resoonse 200 enslaved people were excecuted and southern states passed a series of restrictive laws known as slave codes

Slave codes

Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights.

Whigs

• anti jackson political party in opposition to democrats
• believed in government activism, especially in social issues
• many were religious and supported temperance and enforcement of sabbath
• support manufacturring, westward exoansion

Martin Van Buren

(1837-1841) Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt but continued jacksons policy of hard currency reducing the economy

William Henry Harrison

• became first whig president but died a month after taking office
• vice president john tyler was a former democrat and assumed presidency
• vetoed many whig bills and protected powers of states

Market economy

• developments in manufacturing and transportation made it possible to mass produce goods and transport them across the country cheaply
• people trade their labor or goods for cash which they then use to buy other peoples labor goods
• favor those who specialize (monoculture)

Cotton Gin

• A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793
• as demand for cotton grew so did the souths dependence on slave labor
• other notable inventions include the steel plow and mechanical reaper

Interchangable parts

Identical machine parts that could be quickly put together to make a complete product by eli whitney

machine-tool industry

Produced specialized machines for industries such as textiles and transportation. This relied on the invention of interchangeable parts

Assembly Line Production

Arrangement of workers, machines, and equipment in which the product being assembled passes consecutively from operation to operation until completed.

Power loom

• Textile manufactures could produce both thread and finish fabric in their own factories quickly and efficently
• resulted high quakity and inexpensive textiles

Samuel slater

"Father of the Factory System" in America; escaped Britain with the memorized plans for the textile machinery; put into operation the first spinning cotton thread in 1791.

Lowell system

Dormitories for young women where they were cared for, fed, and sheltered in return for cheap labor, mill towns, homes for workers to live in around the mills

Labor unions

An organization formed by workers to strive for better wages and working conditions

National road

Built in 1820s from maryland to west virginia made east and west travel easier

Erie canal

• funded entirely by the state of new york, linking the great lakes region to new york and thus to european shipping routes
• the northeast soon established itself as the US center of commerce
• by 1850 the canal era ended

Steamships

ships powered by steam engines used to replaced sailing ships in the mid-19th century when refined high-efficiency engines were invented

Railroads

Were essential to westward expansion because they made it easier to travel to and live in the west

Telegraph

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s.

Manifest destiny

• A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that they had a god given right to the western territories
• western settlement was dangerous with terrain and climate amd because settlers were moving to areas rightfully belonging to native americans and mexicans

Independence of Texas

• the mexican gov established liberal land policies in texas to entice settlers, and thousands of americans flooded the region
• in return for land settlers were supposed to become mexican citizens but rarely did and ignored mexican law
• settlers rebelled against mexico and declared independence, becoming the republic of texas
• the existence of slavery created s congressional battle over statehood and texas was not admitted to the union until 1845

Battle of the Alamo

1836 attack on the Alamo mission in San Antonio by mexican forces during the texas revolution

Oregon Territory

territory of Oregon, Washington, and portions of what became British Columbia, Canada; land claimed by both U.S. and Britain and held jointly under the Convention of 1818

sectional strife

occurred during the 1840s due to different regions developing in very different directions

• north became industialized with technological advances in communications, transportation, industry, and banking, slavery also decreased significantly
• south remained almost entirely agrarian, with chief crops tobacco and cotton, looked for new states to protect interest of slavery
• western economic interests varied but were largely rooted in commercial farming, fur traoing, real estate speculation, no interest in slavery

The north and american cities

Problems: lack of powerful urban governments to oversee rapid expansion, sanitation problems, disparity in distribution of wealth as elite few controlled most of the personal wealth with large middle class below them, immigration was faced with hostility as the working class feared competition for jobs, frequently sites of riots
Benefits: job availability, offered more opportunities for social advancment, variety of leisure time options

The South and Rural Life

Problems: majority lived in isolated rural areas, few centers of commerce and infrastructure, did not develope market economy, wealthiest southern citizens formed an aristocracy of plantation owners, southern paternalism, slaves were in poor conditions
Benefits: family and church played an important role in life

The west and frontier living

Problems: survival was a struggle against climate, elements, and native americans
Benefits: gold rush drew settlers (the forty niners) to CA, glvernment gave away or sold land at reduced rates to veterans, government loaned money to civilians at reduced rates, most area was flat and could easily be farmed, fur trading, cattle ranching, miners, more oppurtunities for wealth freedom and social advancement

Second Great Awakening

• poeriod of religious revival, mainly among methodists, presbysterians, and baptists
• inspired many social reform movements such as temperance and women becoming active leaders in their church communities
• the female moral reform society battled against prositiution
• had camp meetings with preachers for hours on end and were egalitarian

Dorothea Dix

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.

Charles finney

A leading evangelist of the Second Great Awakening, he preached that each person had capacity for spiritual rebirth and salvation and that through individual effort could be saved. His concept of "utility of benevolence" proposed the reformation of society as well as of individuals.

Evangelist

one who proclaims in word and deed the Good News of Jesus Christ

Temperance Societies

International social movement dedicated to the control of alcohol consumption through the promotion of moderation and abstinence. It began as a church-sponsored movement in the U.S. in the early 19th century, slecifically by protestant churches. It attracted the efforts of many women, and by 1833 there were 6,000 local temperance societies in the U.S.

Shakers

1770's by "Mother" Ann Lee; Utopian group that splintered from the Quakers; believed that they & all other churches had grown too interested in this world & neglectful of their afterlives; prohibited marriage and sexual relationships; practiced celibacy

Transcendentalists

Followers of a belief which stressed self-reliance, self- culture, self-discipline, and that knowledge transcends instead of coming by reason. They promoted the belief of individualism and caused an array of humanitarian reforms. Emphasized beauty nature and oassion

• Nathaniel Hawthorne author of the scarlet letter, Ralph Waldo Emerson, David Thoreau publisher of Walden

David Thoreau

put emerson's ideas into practice, sought solitude and plain living around his home

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Hudson river school

Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River, influenced by european romanticism

Mormons

Church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT

Seneca Falls Convention

• (1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written
• held by elizabeth cady stanton and lucretia mott

National Woman Suffrage Association

NWSA American organization, founded in New York City, that was created by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. An organization founded in 1890 to demand the vote for women

Horace mann

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; "Father of the public school system"; a prominent proponent of public school reform, & set the standard for public schools throughout the nation; lengthened academic year; pro training & higher salaries to teachers

Abolitionist Movement

An international movement that between approximately 1780 and 1890 succeeded in condemning slavery as morally repugnant and abolishing it in much of the world; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the United States.

American Colonization Society

Sought to repatiate enslaved people to the newly formed country of liberia in africa

Immediatists

tolerated no delay in ending slavery; William Lloyd Garrison; believed in sin of slavery and were not willing to compromise their beliefs

Moderates

Wanted emancipation to occur slowly and with the cooperation of slave owners

American Anti-Slavery Society

Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, who advocated the immediate abolition of slavery. By 1838, the organization had more than 250,000 members across 1,350 chapters.

David walker

He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt.

Frederick Douglass

United States abolitionist who escaped from slavery and became an influential writer and lecturer in the North (1817-1895)

Harriet Tubman

United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)

Sojourner Truth

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)

Noah webster

American writer who wrote textbooks to help the advancement of education. He also wrote a dictionary which helped standardize the American language.

Utopian Communities

Idealistic and impractical communities. Who, Rather than seeking to create an ideal government or reform the world, withdrew from the sinful, corrupt world to work their miracles in microcosm, hoping to imitate the elect state of affairs that existed among the Apostles.

Oneida Community

A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children.

Yeoman Farmers

family farmers who hired out slaves for the harvest season, self-sufficient, participated in local markets alongside slave owners

MucCulloch v. Maryland

Maryland tried to destroy a branch of the National Bank. Marshall stops this by using the doctrine of implied powers. This case showed that it was possible to sue a state.

Fletcher v. Peck

Supreme Court case which protected property rights and asserted the right to invalidate state laws in conflict with the Constitution

Gibbons v. Ogden

Regulating interstate commerce is a power reserved to the federal government

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

1819--New Hampshire had attempted to take over Dartmouth College by revising its colonial charter. The Court ruled that the charter was protected under the contract clause of the U. S. Constitution; upholds the sanctity of contracts.

Polk and the Mexican War

causes: texas gained it's independence from mexico, mexico sent forces over the rio grande

effects: treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Petticoat Affair

1829 political conflict over Jackson's appointment of John Eaton as secretary of war. Eaton was married to a woman of allegedly questionable character, and the wives of many prominent Washington politicians organized a campaign to snub her.

Henry Highland Garnet

An African American who advocated the most radical solution to the slavery question. He argued, that slaves should take action themselves by rising up in revolt against their owners. (p. 215)

Grimke Sisters

were 19th-century American Quakers, educators and writers who were early advocates of abolitionism and women's rights.