DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCH MOCK BOARD EXAM (All topics & parts together)

Genes

A segment of DNA that contains the instructions for synthesizing proteins that play crucial roles in the structure, function and regulations of body cells. It provides the fundamental blueprint for an organism’s development. Biological basis that indicates genetic information inherited and pre-determined.

Nature

Genetic predispositions and biological factors that shape an individual (Genetics daw ang nag sshape sa development ng isang individual). Also, many aspects of development are attributed to this.

Nurture

Encompasse the environmental influences and experience that can affect development (Sinasabe dito na environment at experience ang nag sshape sa dev ng isang tao)

23

Normal human cells contain ___ pairs of chromosomes

46

In total normal human cells contain ___ chromosomes

Fertilization

Sex of the child will reveal at this stage

Sperm

It carries X and Y chromosomes

Egg

While sperm carries X n Y, This only carries X chromosomes

XY

The sex of a child is male if these 2 chromosomes combine

XX

The sex of a child is female if these 2 chromosomes combine

Death

A type of death where it is the cessation of all biological functions that sustain life.

Chronologically Death

A type of death where a point in time when an individual has died. Often marked by absence of vital signs. (Kaya pa ma-revive)

Biological death

A type of death where it is an irreversible cessation of all biological functions that sustain life. This makes the revival impossible.

Social Death

A type of death whereby individuals who are terminally ill or diagnosed with terminal illness experiences a withdrawal of social interactions and support from others. (Basically when a person is treated as if they are dead by society even though they’re physically)

Avoidant attachment

A type of attachment where an individual experiences discomfort with closeness and intimacy. They struggle to trust others and find it challenging to depend on others. In relationships they usually prioritize independence.

Secure attachment

A type of attachment where an individual feels comfy with intimacy and trusts their partners easily. They can depend on others and let other people depend on them. They communicate openly, manage conflict well, and set healthy boundaries.

Anxious Attachment

A type of attachment where they worry a lot about their relationship or abandonment. They are preoccupied with their partner’s availability and responsiveness. They tend to seek constant reassurance from others, clingy and become upset if there are signs of rejections or distance.

Disorganized attachment

A type of attachment where it is a combination of anxious and avoidant attachment. They usually show a lack of clear attachment behavior and display confusion or fear in commitment. They desire closeness but also fear it, often stem from trauma or inconsistent caregiving experiences before.

DIVERSE DESIRES CONDITION

A type of diverse condition where an individual has understanding that diff individuals can hae diff preferences, feelings, or desires about the same situation. It is the ability to recognize that what one person likes or feel may be the same for other.

DIVERSE BELIEFS CONDITION

A type of diverse condition where an individual has understanding that diff people believe in different things

Pierre Paul Broca

a French physician, anatomist, and anthropologist who made a big mark in both medicine and early psychology by discovering a specific part of the left frontal lobe is responsible for speech production.

Broca’s Area

It is located in the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere near the motor cortex and is responsible for language production and essential for speech and articulation.

Carl Wernicke

a German neurologist and psychiatrist best known for his discoveries about language and the brain, specifically on Wernicke's area.

Wernicke’s Area

It is located in the posterior part of the left temporal lobe and is responsible for language comprehension.

Aphasia

A disorder where a person has problems with language due to brain damage (often from stroke, head injury, or neurological illness).

Broca’s aphasia

a type of aphasia where an individual cannot produce speech but can understand speech. Also called “expressive aphasia” since they are having a hard time expressing language.

Wernicke’s aphasia

a type of aphasia where an individual cannot comprehend speech

Orbitofrontal cortex

A part of a brain that plays a role in decision making and emotional regulation

Amygdala

a part of a brain that is primarily associated with emotion and memory processing

Empty nest syndrome

Emotional distress that parents, particularly mothers, experience when their children leave home for the first time.

Microsystem

A type of ecological system where it suggest that the closest things or environment of a person can influence their development. (example is yung parents, yung school, friends, etc)

Mesosystem

A type of ecological system where it is the interconnections between different microsystems. (a parent which i ur family microsystem talks to ur teacher which is ur school microsystem. They're talking to address ur behavior at school, this connection can influence ur development)

Exosystem

a type of ecological system where it is about the larger social system that indirectly affects the person. (Example stress ang parent sa work, dahil stress ang parent sa work baka masungit siya sa house, therefore this kasungitan can affect ur development). Environments that don’t directly involve you, but still affect you.

Macrosystem

a type of ecologcial system where it is about overarching cultural and social beliefs, values, and norms that influence an individual’s development (example the norm about being a panganay is dapat masipag since ikaw ang magiging bread winner therefore all throughout ur life nagging masipag ka)

Chronosystem

A type of ecological system theory that encompass the dimension of time as it relates to a person’s environment. It is made up of the environmental events and transitions hat occurt throughout a child’s life. (mga bagay na we experience by “time”) (Sinasabe dito na mga bagay na naeexperience natin by time nakakainfluence ng development natin)

Arnold gessell-he is a prominent psychologist and pediatrician known for his work in child development. He coined the term maturation.

Maturation-Gessel’s theory states that development follows a natural progression based on genetic factors, asserting that children will develop certain skills at specific age regardless of environmental influences

John Locke-He is known for his “tubula rasa” theory, which suggests that the children are born in a blank state and they are shaped by their experience as they grow.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau-He believes that children are inherently good ang that only the society corrupts them, emphasizing the importance of natural development but not specifically linked to genetic factors.

Sigmund freud-He focused on psychosexual development and the influences of unconscious drives rather than maturation.

SIDS-According to studies infants should not be sharing bed with their parents because of this

Perimenopause-a type of midlife transition before menopause in women. Where the menstrual cycle becomes irregular.

Menopause-a type of midlife transition where the fertility declines

Climacteric-a type of midlife transition where both men and women’s fertility naturally declines

Andropause-A type of midlife transition where it is the men’s decline of testosterone and fertility

Robert sternberg-is a contemporary American psychologist well-known for his influential theories on love, intelligence, and creativity.

INTIMACY-a type of triangular love theory By robert sternberg where it is about emotional closeness, connection and bonding between partners. It encompasses feelings of warmth, trust, ad understanding which are essential for a strong relationship.

Passion-a type of triangular love theory By robert sternberg where it is about romantic attraction and physical desire which is more about the emotional and physical arousal.

Commitment-A type of triangular love theory By robert sternberg where it is about decision to maintain the relationship overtime, focusing on long term plans rather than the emotional closeness found in friendship.

Liking-a type of love By robert sternberg where Intimacy is only present

Infatuation-a type of love By robert sternberg where passion is only present

Empty love-a type of love By robert sternberg where commitment is only present

Romantic love-a type of love By robert sternberg where Intimacy and passion is present

Compassionate love-a type of love By robert sternberg where intimacy and commitment is only present. Often in solid friendships

Fatuous Love-A type of love By robert sternberg where Passion and Commitment is only present. Often seen in Fubu RS.

Consummate love-a type of love By robert sternberg where the three main factors are present

Savage love-Did somebody, did somebody break your heart?
Lookin' like an angel, but your _ (jason derulo)

Lawrence Kohlberg

an American psychologist best known for his Theory of Moral Development, which describes how moral reasoning progresses through three levels and six stages.

Theory of moral development

a stage theory that explains how people develop moral reasoning through three levels

Level 1: Preconventional

a level of Moral development by lawrence kohlberg that is characterized by focus on self interest and the consequences of actions. Decisions are based on potential punishment or reward

Stage 1: Punishment and obedience

a stage of Moral development by lawrence kohlberg where it is bout obeying is right to avoid punishment. (Sumusunod ako kasi takot ako mapalo huhu)

Stage 2: Mutual benefit

A stage of Moral development by lawrence kohlberg where you believe that it is right when the both of you benefit. (Tama lang na iilibre nya ako kasi pinakopya ko naman sya kanina)

Level 2: Conventional Level

a level of Moral development by lawrence kohlberg that is about individuals who make decisions based on societal norms and expectations of others.

Stage 3: Interpersonal Expectations

a stage of Moral development by lawrence kohlberg where individual believe that being good is right and abiding by social expectations to gain approval of others (Tutulungan ko si nanay tumawid para makita ako ni crush as a good person)

Stage 4: Law and order

a stage of Moral development by lawrence kohlberg where you believe that when you maintain and perform your duty as an individual of society, you will be seen as right or good person (Ndi ako tatawid jaan kc bawal jan tomawid majjay-walking aq)

Level 3: Post-conventional level

a level of Moral development by lawrence kohlberg where reasoning is based on abstract principles and personal values, where individuals consider ethical implications

Stage 5: Legal principles

a stage of Moral development by lawrence kohlberg where you believe that when you promote values of fairness, justice, equality and democracy and protect basic human rights it is considered right or good (Laws are important, bawal tumawid talaga jan kasi jaywalk, pero kasi walang kasabay si nanay tumawid so sasabayan at tutulungan q nlang)

Stage 6: Universal moral principles

a stage of Moral development by Lawrence kohlberg where it is about your self-chosen ethical principles that are connected with your respect for sanctity of human life. What you think right is right (I follow my conscience and universal justice, even against laws.)

K. Warner Schaei

an American psychologist best known for the Seattle Longitudinal Study on aging and intelligence, and for proposing the stages of adult cognitive development that explain how thinking changes from youth to old age.

Cognitive development model

a model by k. Warner schaei where it discusses how our thinking changes as we age.

Acquisitive stage

a stage of cognitive development model by K. Warner Schaei where an individual is in the stage of childhood-adolescence, where they learn and starts to collect knowledge. (Nagaaral)

Achieving stage

a stage of cognitive development model by K. Warner Schaie where an individual is in the stage of young adulthood, where they start to use the knowledge they collect and use to to achieve personal goals (Finishing a degree, starting a career, making life decisions)

Responsible stage

a stage of cognitive development model by K. Warner Schaei where an individual is in the stage of middle adulthood, where an individual focuses on managing responsibilities related to family and work, rather than explicitly planning for a legacy. (Working to provide for family, raising children)

Executive stage

a stage of cognitive development model by K. Warner Schaei where an individual is still in adulthood. This stage is usually optional for an individual. It involves using knowledge and skills in complex organizational settings but does not directly relate to personal legacy concerns. (Doing org stuff)

Reintegrative stage

a stage of cognitive development model by K. Warner Schaei where an individual is in the stage of late adulthood, where it involves selecting tasks that are meaningful and relevant to the individual’s current life situation but does not specifically emphasize leaving a legacy. (Doing hobbies, basically prioritizing what u want since tanda mo na eh ano pa iintindihin mo)

Legacy-creating stage

a stage of cognitive development model by K. Warner Schaei where an individual is in the stage of late adulthood where it is associated on focusing leaving a legacy for future generations. They usually consider their estate, values, and experiences they wish to pass on.

James Marcia

a Canadian psychologist best known for expanding Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory. He created the Identity Status Theory

Identity statues theory

a theory that explains how adolescents form their identity through exploration and commitment.

Identity diffusion

a type of identity status theory by james marcia where it indicates lack of both exploration and commitment (Ndi ka nakapasa ng quali exam tapos di ka na nag explore ng ibang course n di na rin nag aral)

Identity foreclosure

a type of identity status theory by james marcia where an individual makes a commitment to an identity without having explored other options. Often happens when choices are made based on external pressures or expectation rather than personal exploration (ndi ka pomasa quali exam tas nag shift ka nalang ng ibang course kasi sayang yung school year, pero ndi mo sha inexplore if gusto mo ba talaga yung course or what)

Identity Moratorium

a type of identity status theory by james marcia where it is a state of active exploration without commitment yet, which does not alight with the feeling of being forced. (ndi ka pomasa QE, pero ket ganun tinake mo lang time mo para mag hanap ng course na interesado ka talaga syempre para mapasa mo na and ndi mo cinonsider yung school year)

Identity achievement

a type of identity status theory by james marcia where an individual is exploring at the same committing or they explored first and then after exploring, they commit sum lyk dat.

Prenatal development

this is the period from conception to birth

Germinal stage

a stage of prenatal development where the fertilization usually begins. (egg + sperm = zygote) (0-2 weeks after mag colide ung sperm sa egg)

Embryonic stage

a stage of prenatal development where the major organs and body system forms (nag transform na yung soon to be baby) Now it is called embryo (2-8 weeks after mag colide ung sperm sa egg) this is usually the critical period for teratogens.

Fetal stage

a stage of prenatal development where it is called now fetus. Rapid growth and refinement of organ systems

Teratogens

this is the harmful stuff that might affect ur prenatal development. Usually drugs, smoking, drinking

Braxton-hicks contraction

a type of contraction where it is referred as “false or practice labor” where the mother experience irregular contractions but not resulting in cervical dilation

True labor contractions

a type of contraction where contractions lead to cervical dilation. They also become progressively closer together and last longer as labor progresses.

Active labor contractions

a type of contraction where it is more intense and frequent than early labor contractions, typically occurring every 5 minutes or less and lasting about 60 secs or more when entering the active labor stage. 2-3 minutes lasting 60 secs when the mother is in the active labor contractions.

Cervical dilation

an active phase of labor where it is the gradual opening of the cervix measured 5 to 6cm to allow the baby to pass through the birth canal.

Transitional contractions

a type of contraction where the cervix is nearly fully dilated (malapit na sya sa max na ieexpand nya, makakadaan na ang bb)

Water breaking

it is the breaking of an amniotic sac which can occur at any stage of labor, but not a definite sign of entering into the active labor stage. It can happen before or during both early and active phases.

Manage pain and anxiety

During the 1st stage of labor, focus on breathing techniques is usually advised. The primary focus of these techniques is ____

Breathing techniques

these are designed to help women cope with discomfort associated with contractions. It can help reduce pain and can help the body to relax. It also provides a distraction from the pain and helps to calm the mind, allowing the woman to feel more centered and in control.

Oxygenation

This is a proper breathing technique that can help both the mother and fetus to have enough oxygen

Active labor

a stage of labor where it is characterized by cervical dilation from about 6-10cm and typically involves more intense and regular contractions

Transition phase

a stage of labor where it is characterizes as the final part of active labor, where cervix dilates from 8 - 10cm

first stage of labor

It is the longest phase of labor due to cervical dilation and effacement

Effacement

Thinning and shortening of the cervix which occurs before dilation and part of the first stage of labor.