nfs 8-11

What are the 5 ways water is importance as?

Solvent, lubricant, transport medium, electrolytes, temperature regulator

What are 3 ways that water is a lubricant?

mucus, saliva, tears

What do transport mediums do?

Transport nutrients ions. Vitamin B especially

A body in motion generates_____?

Heat

The heat absorbed by water in your body and is dissipated as the water evaporates from your body is?

Evaporative cooling

True or False: Temperature is one of the first things controlled when you have a fever

True, bringing the temperature down spares most of your enzymes

What percent of body weight is water?

50-70%

What percent of a baby's body weight is water?

95%

Does the percent of body weight of water increase or decrease as muscle mass increases

Decreases

What regulates the amount of water in various parts of the body?

Ion Concentrations

To stay hydrated how much water do adult men need?

15 cups or 13 excluding water from food sources

To stay hydrated how much water do adult women need?

11 cups or 9 excluding water from food sources

What could happen as a result of not being hydrated?

Kidney stones may occur

True or False: When you feel thirsty you are not dehydrated

False, when you feel thirsty you are already dehydrated

What notices when there an insufficient amount of water?

Osmoreceptors by sensing high salt concentrate

When the hormone ADH is released what happens?

This causes the kidneys to retain water

What does the kidney sense?

low blood volume/pressure

When the kidney senses low blood volume/ pressure what happens?

Aldosterone is released which induces the kidney conserve sodium

Where is aldosterone produced?

The adrenal gland

The largest percent of daily output of water is through what?

Urine

What are sources of daily output of water?

Urine, evaporation and perspiration

The conservation of sodium allows retention of water by the ____

kidney

Municipal water supplies through taps are known to contain good quantities of ________

fluoride

True or False: Tap water should not be enough to provide us with fluoride

False; tap water should be enough to provide us with fluoride

The diffusion of water through a membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration

osmosis

Hyper tonic solution

Solution that has higher concentration of ions relative to the cell

When there is more water within the cell than in the solution

hypertonic

Hyper tonic causes the cell to ___

shrink

Hypotonic solution

solution that has lower concentration of ions relative to the cell

When there is more water in the solution than in the cell

hypo tonic

Hypotonic solution causes the cell to ___

burst

Isotonic Solution

solution has the same concentration of ions relative to the inside of the cell

Movement of water into or out of the cell is zero in this solution

Isotonic solution

Isotonic is what ____ needs

our body cells

What is especially important in heart rhythms?

potassium

Any ion imbalance in solutions associated with our cells interferes with _____ of the heart

the rhythmic pattern

____ blood cells are the most sensitive and the reason why IV administered to the patients has the same salt concentration as our blood

Red

What is the relative concentration of positives and negatives in the cell?

membrane potential

What are positives due to?

Sodium ions

What is resting cell membrane potential?

-70MV or slightly negative

To transmit signals from the brain to muscle regions, a stimulus is sent from ____ of neurons to ____

dendrites, axon regions

As stimulus arrives what kind of ions rush from the outside of the cell into the cell?

Sodium

Sodium ions from the outside of the cell rush into the cell. Thus changing the slight negative stage to a slight positive stage known as ___

depolarization

To maintain a slight negative stage in the membrane _____ ion diffuse out of the membrane to the outside causing the inside to become ______ this is depolarization of the membrane

potassium, slightly negative

the outside of the membrane

extracellular

inside of the membrane

intracellular

the most significant extracellular ions include ____

sodium and chloride

the most significant intracellular ions are ____

potassium and phosphate

What are nerve impulse transmissions?

signal from brain to muscles

Nerve impulse transmission begins with the flow of ____ ions into the cell. This is called ____.

sodium, depolarization

Depolarization results in a slightly ____ charge _____ the cell membrane

positive, inside

Repolarization restores the slightly __ charge ___ the cell membrane.

negative, inside

when we consume too much water

water intoxication

low sodium

hyponatremia

Refers to the pressure in the arteries when the heart is beating and pumping blood into arteries. Optimal value is 120 mm Hg or less

Systolic pressure

Refers to the blood pressure in the arteries when the heart is released. It's optimal value is at 80 mm Hg or less.

Diastolic pressure

What is pH?

power of Hydrogen or potential Hydrogen

When we measure pH what do we meausre?

the amount of hydrogen ions in a solution

The pH values is ____ related to the concentration of hydrogen atom in a solution

inversely

The higher the concentration of hydrogen atoms the ___ the pH value

lower

The lower the concentration of hydrogen atoms the ___ the pH value

higher

This type of solution has the same amount of hydrogen and hydroxide ions?

neutral

What is used to resist changes in the pH?

bicarbonate buffer systems

Acid (numeric)

1-6.99

Neutral (numeric)

7

Basic (numeric)

7-14

When an atom of an element loses an electron it is described as

oxidized

When an atom of an element accepts or steals an electron it is described as

reduced

Molecules that move around looking to gain an electron to become stable are ___

free radicals

Main from of Vitamin E in the body

Alpha-tocopherol

the membrane is made up of __ which are the main target of destruction by free radicals

phospholipids

3 substances found in colored fruits that are effective antioxidants

Vitamin E, selenium and phytochemicals

Unstable atom with an unpaired electron in its outermost shell

Free radical

Plant chemical that has health protective actions

phytochemical

animal chemical that has health protective actions

zoochemical

pigment materials in fruits and vegetables that can be turned into vitamin A in the body

carotenoids

substance that has the ability to prevent or repair the damage caused by oxidation

antioxidants

foods that have health benefits beyond basic nutrition

functional foods

spongy open lattice that contains most marrow

trabecular bone

dense or compact bone found on the outer surface of bone

cortical bone

True or False: Bones are not in a constant remodeling state

False: bones are in a constant remodeling state

cells responsible for breaking down bones

osteoclast

builds bones

osteoblast

developing osteoblasts that secrets matrix to cover themselves

osteocytes

matrix secreted by bone forming cells which is later mineralized with calcium and phosphate

hydroxyapatite

What age does bone formation peak?

30

What are the two most important micronutrients that control the level of plasma calcium in our body?

vitamin D and PTH

When plasma calcium level rise too high, what hormone acts to decrease calcium?

Calcitonin (produced in thyroid gland)

What is the commonly occurring form of Vitamin D?

D3 (calcitirol)

A zoosterol in skin and other animal tissues that on activation by ultraviolet light becomes antirachitic and is then referred to as cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)

7 dehydrocholesterol

What prevents dental cavities because it is able to kill acid forming bacteria?

Fluoride

What are medication options for men and women beyond 50 needing calcium supplement for bone strength or solve the problem of osteoporosis?

Bisphosponates and parathyroid hormone

disease characterized by poor mineralization of newly synthesized bones due to low calcium content caused by vitamin D deficiency

rickets

adult form of rickets

osteomalacia

disease characterized by low bone mineral density that results in susceptibility to fractures

osteoporosis

a body condition marked by sharp contraction of muscles and failure to relax afterward

tetany

specialized connective tissue covering all bones

periosteum

substances that break down into ions in water and in turn are able to conduct an electrical current

electrolytes

a positively or negatively charged atom

ion

fluid portion of the blood

plasma