Logic and Validity: Key Concepts in Deductive Arguments

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9 Terms

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Valid Argument

A deductive argument is valid if it is logically impossible for the conclusion to be false while all the premises are true.

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Test for Validity

Try to imagine a situation where all the premises are true but the conclusion is false.

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Logical Possibility

A situation is logically possible if it is coherent, conceivable, and non-contradictory.

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Example of Logical Possibility

"Dogs breathe underwater" is logically possible (we can imagine it), even though it's biologically impossible.

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Logical Impossibility

A situation is logically impossible if it is incoherent, inconceivable, or contradictory.

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Example of Logical Impossibility

"Paris is in France and Paris is not in France" is a contradiction and is logically impossible.

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Validity vs. Truth

Validity is NOT about the actual truth of the premises or conclusion.

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Valid Argument with False Premises

An argument can be valid even if its premises and conclusion are false.

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Example of Valid Structure with False Premises

"All birds are mammals. All mammals are fish. Therefore, all birds are fish." (Valid structure, false premises, false conclusion)