india in 18th century 4th pa

Why did Mughals decline?

Fragmented polity. What do you mean by that? We will find out.

Now the teacher has used an interesting example. This story to similar to avengers. How so?

Now there was one villian , just like thanos.

And there were many heroes, trying their level best to defeat the villian.

But the villian , British was proving to be a tough nut to crack. The heroes, Bengal, Mysore,Marathas, Sikhs, Hyderabad, Carnatic, Rohilkhand could not defeat the British even after repeated soul-cracking attempts

Now these regional states were divided into three categories. What were they? Let's learn in the next slide.

The three type of states were:

-Succesors state

-Independent kingdoms

-New states

Write down about the successor state.

These states were formerly a part of Mughal Empire. The moment the got the slightest hint that Mughal Empire was weakening , the slowly broke away from the empire. They never confronted the Mughals Directly.

Used opportunity and broke away.

Eg-Awadh, Bengals, Hyderabad

Write about independent kingdoms.

These were the kingdoms that were autonomous, meaning that they could decide for themselves instead of Mughals doing it for them.

Now, imagine , who are the friends you cannot control? The friends staying away from you. Because you don't exactly know what they are doing.

Second the friends who are close to you but are more powerful than you. You cannot control them either.

So similarly, Rajputs, despite staying close were powerful.

Kerela and mysore were very far away from the Mughals. So they could not be controlled as well.

Then the third category:New states

They emerged from scratch. The Mughals didn't recognize them as states.

The emerged into existence from rebellion.

They fought against Mughals.

Tumhari ammeri nayi nayi he.

Ye pata chalta he.

Marathas

Sikhs

Jatts.

Kings of different regional states.

Ambeer

Sawai Jai singh

Marwaad

Ajit singh

Rohilkhand

Ali Mohammad Khan

Jatt

Surajmall jatt

Bengal

Murshid Kuli Khan

Hyderabad

Nizam-ul-Mulk

Kerela

Matang Verma, Ram Verma

Founder of Maratha kingdom

Chattrapati Shivaji

Mysore

-Hyder All

-Tipu Sultan

Nature of regional states

They were dependent on the support of nobles.

Regional states were secular. There was no religious Orthodoxy.

Promotion of trade was there.

Less jagir, more jagirdaars. Curse.

Describe the jagirdaari crises.

With the expansion of the Mughals empire the number of Jaagirdars increased but the area of fertile land did not increase as much.

Imagine that there is a choir group in which 3 students of song class sings. Now, it was found that they sang really well. Now, teachers thought, why not bring in more students from the song class to the group? It would definitely increase the melody. Song class attend kar rahe he toh ache hi honge na. They added two more students. The result was amazing. So they thought, let's do one thing. Let's bring in more 10 students from the song class. Song class se hein toh ache hi gaate ho ge na. This time, to their surprise, the result was terrible. It was as if some contamination had happened.

Here the target was to increase the melody.

But every student did not have the right vocal chord.

Similarly, when no of Jaagirdars increased, it was thought that the revenue would increase remarkable, but every jagirdaar did not have a fertile piece of land. With increasing number of students the song worsened. Similarly with increasing number of Jaagirdars the profit plummeted.

Write down the limitations of the regional states.

-Regional character.

-Limited geographical area.

-Limited resources

-Could challenge Mughals but not replace them.

-Financially, militarily and administratively they were always weak.

-There was constant warfare amongst themselves.

-For expansion, they could never align themselves.

Reasons for decline of Mughals

-Policies of Aurangzeb-Deccan expedition and religious Orthodoxy.

-Wars of succession and lack of primogeniture.

-Weak successors after Aurangzeb.

-Degeneration of nobles.

-Military weakness

-Decline of the economy-Jagirdaar crisis and less tribute from the regional states.

-Many regional states broke away.

-Foregin invasions