psyhology

Psychological disorder

Behavioral, emotional, cognitive symptoms causing distress.

Abnormal Psychology

Study of psychological disorders and their impacts.

Schizophrenia symptoms

Dysfunction in life areas for at least 6 months.

Positive symptoms

Added symptoms like hallucinations and delusions.

Negative symptoms

Absence of normal functions like speech and motivation.

Diathesis-stress model

Disorders arise from genetics and environmental stressors.

Cortex thinning

Brain change linked to cognitive control in schizophrenia.

Dopamine hypothesis

Excess dopamine levels linked to schizophrenia symptoms.

Hallucinations

False sensory experiences perceived as real.

Delusions

Beliefs that are clearly false or irrational.

Autism

Deficits in social communication and repetitive behaviors.

Delusion of persecution

Belief of being targeted or harmed by others.

Delusion of grandeur

Belief of having exceptional abilities or importance.

Social stress

Environmental factor contributing to mental disorders.

Urban areas

Location linked to higher schizophrenia prevalence.

Cannabis abuse

Substance use associated with increased schizophrenia risk.

Visual hallucinations

Seeing things that are not present.

Auditory hallucinations

Hearing voices or sounds that aren't there.

Flat affect

Lack of emotional expression in behavior.

Complications at birth

Perinatal issues linked to mental health disorders.

Restricted interests

Focused, repetitive behaviors common in autism.

Autism Spectrum Disorder

1 in 59 American children affected, more common in boys.

Heritability of Autism

About 50% heritable, linked to 102 genes.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Characterized by unethical behavior and lack of remorse.

Prevalence of Antisocial Disorder

1-4% of American adults, common in men.

Prison Inmates with Antisocial Disorder

Up to 50% of prison inmates diagnosed.

Frontal Lobe Irregularities

Antisocial disorder linked to 11% less tissue volume.

Borderline Personality Disorder

Features unstable emotions and fear of abandonment.

Gender Ratio in Borderline Disorder

75% of diagnosed individuals are female.

Causes of Borderline Disorder

Includes childhood trauma and overprotective parenting.

Dissociative Disorders

Involve problems with memory, identity, and perception.

Dissociation

Disturbance in integrated experience of consciousness.

Dissociative Amnesia

Inability to recall important personal information.

Dissociative Fugue

Amnesia combined with wandering in confusion.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Presence of two or more distinct personalities.

Causes of Dissociative Identity Disorder

Linked to childhood abuse and neglect.

Anorexia Nervosa

Extreme calorie restriction and distorted body image.

Bulimia Nervosa

Binge eating followed by purging behavior.

Health Risks of Bulimia

Includes high blood pressure and heart disease.

Binge Eating Disorder

Excessive food consumption without purging.

Comorbidity

Presence of two or more disorders simultaneously.

Psychological Factors

Include cognitive and personality influences.

Sociocultural Factors

Influences like poverty and racism affect mental health.

Biopsychosocial Approach

Integrates biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.

Insanity

Legal term for responsibility in criminal behavior.

Stigma

Negative opinion about a group based on traits.

Dysfunction

Behavior that interferes with daily life.

Distress

Emotional discomfort or upset feelings.

Deviance

Behavior outside societal standards or rules.

Psychological disorders continuum

Spectrum between normal and abnormal behavior.

Cultural definition of disorders

Disorders vary based on living conditions.

Koro

Penis dysmorphia prevalent in Southeast Asia.

Eating disorders prevalence

More common in first world countries.

Lifetime prevalence in US

50% experience symptoms of a disorder.

Annual prevalence in US

Percentage affected by a disorder yearly.

Anxiety prevalence

Affects about 1 in 3 people in life.

DSM-5

Manual for diagnosing psychological disorders.

Anxiety disorders characteristics

Extreme anxiety and irrational fears present.

Panic disorder

Recurring panic attacks without obvious triggers.

Panic attack symptoms

Includes heart rate increase, sweating, nausea.

Specific phobia

Fear related to specific objects or situations.

Phobia causes

Developed through conditioning and observational learning.

Agoraphobia

Fear of public spaces and being alone.

Social anxiety disorder

Intense fear of social scrutiny and judgment.

Generalized anxiety disorder

Excessive worry about daily life activities.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Psychological disorder with obsessions and/or compulsions.

Obsessions

Intrusive thoughts causing anxiety and distress.

Compulsions

Repeated behaviors to reduce anxiety.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Disorder after exposure to traumatic events.

Major Depressive Disorder

Depressed mood lasting at least 2 weeks.

Symptoms of Major Depression

Includes weight changes, sleep issues, and fatigue.

Bipolar Disorder

Mood disorder with manic and depressive episodes.

Manic Episodes

State of elevated mood and high energy.

Bipolar I Disorder

Includes manic episodes lasting at least 1 week.

Bipolar II Disorder

Includes major depression and hypomanic episodes.

Triggers for Mania

Stressful life events like death or relationship issues.

Psychological Causes of Depression

Learned helplessness and negative thought patterns.

Cognitive Triad

Negative views of experiences, self, and future.

Biological Causes of Depression

Genetic factors and hormonal imbalances.

Genetic Factors in Depression

37-50% attributed to genetics, higher in relatives.

Cortisol

Hormone linked to stress and depression.

Neurotransmitter Imbalances

Abnormal activity in norepinephrine and serotonin.

Hippocampus Shrinking

Associated with emotional processing issues.

Psychomotor Agitation

Restlessness or inability to sit still.

Psychomotor Retardation

Slowed physical movements and responses.

Persistent Thoughts of Death

Recurrent thoughts about dying or suicide.