Historical events in the discovery of the microbial world

Spontaneous generation

The hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonliving matter

Spontaneous generation

archaic theory

Spontaneous generation

pieces of cheese and bread: mice

Spontaneous generation

decaying meat: maggots

1546- Girolamo Fracastoro

Italian scholar

1546- Girolamo Fracastoro

Contagion is an infection that passes from one thing to another

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Development of microscope

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

“animacules”- coined the organisms he discovered by collecting samples from a paddle of water. (1668)

Francisco Reddi

Disproved the spontaneous generation.

Francisco Reddi

Founder of experimental biology

Francisco Reddi

Father of modern parasitology

Francisco Reddi

First one to challenge the spontaneous generation.

Francisco Reddi

Demonstrated maggots on development on meat only occur if a fly laid eggs on it.

Louis Pasteur

Discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization

Louis Pasteur

Abolished spontaneous generation

Louis Pasteur

He showed that contaminating yeast cells that produced the lactic acid during fermentation are different morphologically from brewer’s yeast is the one responsible for the spoilage

Louis Pasteur

Discovered pasteurization

Louis Pasteur

The Father of Microbiology

Robert Koch

Developed Koch’s Postulate

Robert Koch

Introduced the technique of pure culture, whereby he established the microbial cause of the disease anthrax (1876)

Robert Koch

Popularized Koch's postulates for identifying the microbial cause of a disease and would later identify the microbial cause of cholera (1883).

Robert Koch

Introduced both staining and solid culture plates to bacteriology (1881)

Robert Koch

Identified the microbial cause of tuberculosis (1882)

Koch’s Postulate

The pathogenic microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy animals.

Koch’s Postulate

The same microorganism must be isolated again from the injected animals

Koch’s Postulate

The same disease must occur when the isolated microorganism is injected into healthy susceptible animals

Koch’s Postulate

The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in pure culture.

Robert Koch and Friedrich Loeffler in 1884 and refined and published by Koch in 1890.

The postulates were formulated by?

Edward Jenner

Discovered the vaccine for smallpox.

Edward Jenner

innovative contribution to immunization and the ultimate eradication of smallpox

Edward Jenner

is widely regarded as the foundation of immunology—even though he was neither the first to suggest that infection with cowpox conferred specific immunity to smallpox nor the first to attempt cowpox inoculation for this purpose.

Louis Pasteur

developed the earliest effective vaccine against rabies that was first used to treat a human bite victim on 6 July 1885.

Louis Pasteur

The method involved inoculation with homogenates of RABV-infected rabbit spinal cord that had been desiccated progressively in sterile air

Charles Chamberland

Developed the porcelain filter to produce bacteriologically – sterile water to produce culture media

Charles Chamberland

In 1884 he developed a type of filtration

Charles Chamberland

a device that made use of an unglazed porcelain bar. The filter had pores that were smaller than bacteria, thus making it possible to pass a solution containing bacteria through the filter, and have the bacteria completely removed from the solution.

Charles Chamberland

also credited for starting a research project that led to the invention of the autoclave device in 1879.

Dimitri Ivannovsky and Martinus Beijerinck

demonstrated that tobacco mosaic disease In Tobacco plants can be transferred to another plant.

Dimitri Ivannovsky

In 1887 to investigate “wildfire,” a disease that was infecting tobacco plantations of the Ukraine and Bessarabia.

Dimitri Ivannovsky

In 1890 he was commissioned to study a different disease that was destroying tobacco plants in Crimea.

Dimitri Ivannovsky

Using a filtering method for the isolation of bacteria, Ivanovsky discovered that filtered sap from diseased plants could transfer the infection to healthy plants.

Dimitri Ivannovsky

He differed from later researchers of viruses only in his supposition that the pathogenic agent in question was a minuscule bacterium, rather than an entirely new and different type of organism

Dimitri Ivannovsky

He published his findings in an article, “On Two Diseases of Tobacco” (1892), and a dissertation, Mosaic Disease in Tobacco (1902).

Martinus Beijerinck

one of the founders of virology and environmental microbiology

Martinus Beijerinck

His results were in accordance with a similar observation made by Dmitri Ivanovsky in 1892

Martinus Beijerinck

He named the new pathogen virus to indicate its non-bacterial nature. Beijerinck asserted that the virus was somewhat liquid in nature, calling it "contagium vivum fluidum" (contagious living fluid).

Loefler and Frosch

Identified the first filterable agent from animals, The virus of foot and mouth disease.

Walter reed and his team

Described Filterable agent Yellow fever Virus.

Ellerman and bang

demonstrated the oncogenic potential of the filterable agent.

Frederick Twort

observed that bacteria were susceptible to a filterable agent.

Felix de herelle

made a similar observation as Twort named these viruses “BACTERIOPHAGE”

Steinhardt and his colleagues

succeeded in growing vaccinia virus using a guinea pig cornea embedded in clotted plasma.

Furth and Sturnia

used mice as a host species for propagating viruses

Woodruff and Goodpasture

were successful in propagating the fowl pox virus on the chorioallantois membrane of embryonated eggs

Buist

observed vaccinia virus using a light microscope

Kaushe and his co-workers

employed the newly developed electron microscope and a metal shadowing technique to identify tobacco mosaic virus in purified preparations.

Harrison and his co-workers

obtained tomato bushy stunt virus

Stanley

Demonstrated crystallization of TMV.

Bawden and pirie

showed that TMV contained Nucleic acid as well as proteins

Watson and Crick

suggested that Viral nucleic acids were surrounded by a shell of identical protein subunits.

Lwoff and his colleagues

proposed a universal system on which the modern classification of viruses is based