study guide

Know at least 4 American Psychological Association ethical guidelines for researchers (EXCEPT question)

1. physical/ emotional harm

2. informed consent

3. confidentiality

4. deception

5. debrief

When do you have to debrief?

when deception is used

Which research approach would be best for testing the hypothesis that the presence of certain odors causes people to gamble more?

experimental

In developmental psychology, what are the advantages ofcross-sectional over longitudinal studies and a longitudinal over a cross-sectional?

cross sectional: cheap & requires less time

longitundinal: provide in dept information

An ilusory correlation si best defined as a

perceived relationship where one does not exist

Under what conditions is it better to use a median over a mean?

when the data is skewed

The notion that human behavior is greatly influenced by unconscious thoughts and desires is most consistent with which psychological approach?

psychodynamic

Which type of psychologist is most likely to study the effects of token economies on establishing social skills among children with emotional disturbances

behavioral psychologist

The next question are based on this scenario:

A researcher randomly assigned boys and girls to each of two groups. One group watched a violent television program while the other group watched a nonviolent program. The children were then observed during a period of free play, and the incidence of aggressive behavior was recorded for each group. What is the independent and dependent variable in this study? Be able to recognize examples of each.

IV: type of tv show being watched

DV: agressive or non aggressive behavior

In studying the behavior of five year old's In free play situations, which type of psychologist would be most interested in the children's problem-solving strategies?

cognitive psychologist

The correlation between two measures obtained on a group of individuals is graphically represented as a

scatterplot

What is the correct chronological order of the folowing perspectives of psychology, from past to present?

1. structuralism

2. psychoanalysis

3. humanism

4. behaviorism

What types of activities might an industrial-organizational psychologist likelyto study?

personnel selection problems

in experimental psychology, a significant difference refers to a difference

thats not likely due to chance

3 4 5 5 7 7 7 8 8 10

Ten participants ni a treatment group were asked to rate their feelings of self worth on a scale of one to ten, with a value of ten indicating a verypositive feeling of self-worth. The data for the participants are above. What is the mode for these data?

7

in the 1800s the activist Dorothea dix led a movement In support of

bettering the treatments of patients that have mental disorders that were placed in asylums

Drawing a random sample of people from a town for an interview study of social attitudes ensures that each person in town has the same

probability of being chosen for the study

In an experiment to test the effects of hunger on aggressive behavior, aggressive behavior would be the ___ variable

dependent

Experimental research differs from correlational research in that experimental research may reveal a ___ relation

casual

the first area of psychology to be studied as a science is known as

psychophysics

Gestalt psychology is concerned primarily with understanding

perception

Draw small scatterplots for positive, negative, and no correlations.

Recognize scenarios for positive, negative, and no correlations, both in scatterplots and scenarios. Recognize when a study is claiming correlation proves causation...when it doesn't.

Why is it important for researchers to use precise operational definitions?

allows data to be replicated and increase accuracy

In a research study, informed consent is a concern of

ethics

John B. Watson is best known as the founder of which school of thought/perspective?

behaviorism

Introspection as practiced by early structuralists is best illustrated by what type of behaviors?

describing ones immediate sensations while looking at a rose

Synesthesia is a phenomenon that has been estimated to occur in only a few people in a million. Because of its rarity, researchers are likely ot choose which research method ot study it?

case study

A research design involves two randomly assigned groups of participants. One group receives aone-time treatment, and the other does not. Later, the two groups are comparedto see whether the treatment had aneffect. Psychologists call this kind of research

an experiment

When a research psychologist generalizes from a particular sample to a n entire population. This is an example of ___ inference

statistical

On a test, the mean score for a class of 100 students is 80 and the standard deviation of the scores is 10. The professor who gave the testthen realizes that she made a scoring error, which she corrects by adding 5 points to each student's score. The standard deviation of the students'new scores is

10 stays the same because all the students score are the same

What procedure can reduce problems associated with the use of deception by a researcher?

debriefing

What is the focus of humanistic psychology?

the study of the whole person

What approach to psychology emphasizes observable responses over inner experiences when accounting for behavior

behaviorist

Research on human mating preferences suggests that men place greater value on physical attractiveness and youthfulness, whereas women place greater value on social status and financial resources. Which of the following psychological points of view best explains this behavior?

evolutionary

The mean will be higher than the median in any distribution that is ___ skewed

positively

To determine whether acause-effect relationship exists between two variables, aresearchermust use a(n)

experimental approach

The most distinctive characteristic of the experimental method is that it seeks to establish

cause effect relationships

One major objection to the early Skinnerian approach to psychology is that it

didn’t take into account internal thoughts & feelings

What is the mean 10, 3, 5, 7, 10, 3, 10, 5, 2

55/9 = 6.1

Why are operational definitions important in research?

allows data to be replicated and increases the accuracy

Which perspective argues that every person has the potential to become self-actualized?

humanistic psychology

If a researcher obtained data from a large, representative sample of farm workers across the United States. This research most likely involved a

survey

Psychodynamic therapy has its roots in the theories of (person)

Sigmond frued

Be able to calculate a mean, median, mode, range, and determine which set of data has the highest or lowest standard deviation ( SD).

For the results of the study to be generalizable, the researchers should use a ___ sample

probability

When participants are randomly assigned either control group or experimental group, the researcher is using an

random assignment

When neither the research team nor the subjects know whether a subject received the VI (in the experimental group) or control group (did not receive the IV), the researchers were using a

double blind study

A researcher surveyed social adjustment ni the same group of 20 people from early childhood through adulthood. nI this example, the group of20 peoplesurveyed was the study's

sample

Apsychologist gives the same test to a class of students at the beginning of the day and again at the end of the school day. The extent to which test scores are similar across the two administrations demonstrates

reliability

Understand violations of ethical guidelines. What is an example of a violation of the right to withdraw?

not informing the patient what they are signing up for

Standard deviation si a measure of how much

the scores in a distribution (sample) deviate (differ) from the mean

According to one theory of psychology, many people have mental illnesses because their maladaptive behavior share proven rewarding for them in the past and thus have been continued. This belief is consistent with which model/perspective?

behavioral

in order to yield information that is generalizable to the population from which it was drawn, a sample must

be representative of the population

Describe the placebo effect.

a persons overall health is bad but is then given a dummy treatment like a tic tac and they improve

What procedure is intended to control for preexisting differences between the groups of participants in an experiment?

random assignment

What approach to psychology focuses on adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human experiences?

positive psychology

What are the strengths of naturalistic observation?

allows researchers to study behavior under conditions that are less artificial than in experiments

Which psychological approach suggests that jealousy might serve an adaptive function in protecting a sexual relationship from threats?

evolutionary

What measure can be precisely located on the graph of a skewed distribution without doing any calculations?

the median

What method best limits the influence of unknown variables in an experiment, especially subject variables that can confound the results

random assignment

Which psychologist would have been likely to say, "I do not care about the unconscious or hidden motives--I want to study behavior directly"

John B Watson

What perspective suggests that depression is due to the unconscious conflicts and hostile feelings that originate ni early childhood?

psychoanalytic

What is used to reduce the effects of confoundingvariables in experiments?

random assignment

The claim that a whole is different from the sum of its parts is central to which of the following schools of thought?

gestalt psychology

While reviewing scores from a chapter test, a teacher discovered that the mean score was higher than the median. What does this say about the data?

data is positively skewed

A psychologist administered the most recent edition of the Stanford-Binet I0 test to 50 students. Be able to look at a normal (bell) curve and the scores are shown in a chart and determine how many students earned

scores higher than two standard deviations above the mean

2

what has been a major change in perspective in the field of developmental psychology over the past 25 years

a shift from an emphasis on childhood and adolescence to an interest in development over the lifespan

are precise operational defintions required for a psychological experiment

yes, they are need because its fundamental. if its not defined then there is no common understanding of how the variable was used.

what study has had the most profound impact in ethical issues in psychological research

stanley milligrams study of obedience

What to cognitive theorists emphasize the (hint: schemas)

development of thought processes and their effect on behavior, attitude and beliefs

What field of psychology aims to help employees become more productive in the workplace

industrial and organizational psychologist

In their discussions of the process of development, the advocates of nature in the nature-nurture controversy emphasize

maturation

Understand that ___ psychologists view problems as stemming from internal processes such as unrealistic expectations and negative thinking

cognitive

An important difference between humanistic and psychoanalytic approaches is that humanistic psychologists believe in the importance of

free will

____ psychologists would study the reason why many people have an innate fear of the dark

evolutionary

According to the ethical guidelines set by the American Psychological Association (APA), how must animals

be treated when they are used as subiects in research?

minimize the discomfort, infection, illness, and pain of animals subject. Use a procedure subjecting animals to pain, stress, or privation only when an alternative procedure is not available

Be able to recognize possible confounding variables in a study...anything that could impact the outcome that has not been controlled through research design.

error/ flaw in study