human body orientation

1. \

frontal (forehead)

2. \

orbital (eye)

3. \

nasal (nose)

4. \

buccal (cheek)

5. \

oral (mouth)

6. \

mental (chin)

cervical (neck)

8. \

sternal (breastbone)

9. \

axillary (armpit)

10. \

umbilical (naval)

11. \

pelvic (pelvis)

12. \

inguinal (groin)

13. \

pubic (genital region)

14. \

pedal (foot)

15. \

digital (toes)

16. \

tarsal (ankle)

17. \

fibular/peroneal (side of leg)

18. \

crural (leg)

19. \

patellar (anterior knee)

20. \

femoral (thigh)

21. \

coxal (hip)

22. \

digital (fingers)

23. \

pollex (thumb)

24. \

carpal (wrist)

25. \

antebrachial (forearm)

26. \

antecubital (front of elbow)

27. \

brachial (arm)

28 (top part)

acromial (point of shoulder)

30. \

cephalic (head)

31. \

occipital (back of head)

33. \

scapular (shoulder blade)

34. \

vertebral (spinal column)

35. \

lumbar (loin)

36. \

sacral (between hips)

37. \

gluteal (buttock)

38. \

lower extremity

39. \

plantar (sole)

40. \

calcaneal (heel)

41. \

sural (calf)

43. \

popliteal (back of knee)

44. \

femoral (thigh)

45. \

manus (hand)

46. \

brachial (arm)

47. \

olecranel (back of elbow)

49. \

acromial (point of shoulder)

50. \

thoracic (chest)

51. \

abdominal (abdomen)

52. \

dorsum/dorsal (back)

53. \

mammary (breast)

54. \

upper extremity

55. \

palmar (palm)

56. (bottom)

hallux (great toe)

56. (top)

otic (ear)

57. \

perineal (region between anus and external genitalia)

anatomy:

study of the structure of body parts and their relations to each other

study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye:

gross anatomy

study of all body structures in a given body region

regional anatomy

study of all structures in a body system

systemic anatomy

study of internal body structures as they relate to the overlying skin

surface anatomy

study of structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye

microscopic anatomy

study of cells

cytology

study of tissues

histology

study of the change in body structures over the course of a lifetime

developmental anatomy

study of structural changes associated with disease

pathological anatomy

study of internal structures using specialized visualization techniques

radiographic anatomy

study of biological molecules

molecular biology

what does physiology rely on to explain body systems:

physics

The principle of complementarity of structure and function states:

function is dependent on structure, and the form of a structure relates to its function

levels of structural organization:

atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms

this necessary life function allows an organism to maintain separate internal and external environments, or separate internal chemical environments:

maintaining boundaries

this necessary life function allows organisms to travel through their environment:

movement

this necessary life function is the ability to detect changes in an organisms internal and external environments and respond to them:

responsiveness

this necessary life function is the process of breaking down food into molecules that can be used by the body:

digestion

this necessary life function is all the chemical reactions that occur in the body:

metabolism

this necessary life function is the process of removing waste:

excretion

this necessary life function is the process of producing more cells and organisms:

reproduction

this necessary life function is an increase in size:

growth

integumentary system:

external covering for body, vitamin D synthesis, cutaneous respiration, sweat & oil gland secretion

skeletal system:

protect & support deeper body tissues & organs, framework for movement, hematopoiesis, mineral storage

muscular system:

manipulation of environment, locomotion, facial expression, posture maintenance, heat production

nervous system:

fast-acting response to internal & external stimuli, activation of muscles & glands

endocrine system:

secretion of hormones which regulate growth, reproduction, & metabolism

cardiovascular system:

transportation of blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, & wastes

lymphatic system:

returns leaked fluid to blood, disposes of debris, houses white blood cells for immunity

respiratory system:

maintains blood oxygen and removes carbon dioxide via lung air sacs

digestive system:

breaks down ingested food for absorption, eliminates undigested foods as feces

urinary system:

eliminates nitrogenous wastes; regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of blood

male reproductive system:

testes produce sperm and male sex hormones

female reproductive system:

ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones, fertilization and development of fetus, mammary glands to nourish newborn.

mnemonic device used for the systems:

send mr. uric l

this survival need is used for energy and cell building:

nutrients

this survival need is used to release energy from food during chemical reactions:

oxygen

this survival need is the most abundant chemical substance in the body, provides an environment for chemical reactions & a fluid medium for secretions & excretions.

water

this survival need is required for the chemical reactions of the body to occur at the proper rate.

normal body temperature

this survival need must be within an appropriate range so that proper gas exchange occurs in the lungs

atmospheric pressure

this term is the tendency of biological systems to maintain relatively constant conditions

homeostasis

name the components of homeostatic control

variable, receptor, control center, effector

this component of homeostatic control is the regulated factor:

variable

this component of homeostatic control is the structure that recognizes a change and reports it to the control center:

receptor

this component of homeostatic control is the structure that coordinates a proper response to the change:

control center