Auburn University COMM1000 Final

Symbol system (language)

What key part of encoding must be understood in order for the receiver to decode the message?

Physical noise

Noise that includes sounds, visual barriers, volume, and hunger.

Environmental elements

Beliefs, Context, History Participants, Relationships Physical setting, Values.

Similarities between conversation and speech

Audience centered, feedback, goal driven, logic, and stories for effect.

Differences between conversation and speech

Language, organization, notes, interruptions, delivery style, and physical arrangement.

Linear model of communication

This model views communication as something that one person does to another, flowing in one direction only.

Interactive model of communication

Communication theory that views communication as a two-way process that includes feedback and the environment.

Transactional model of communication

The theory that views communication as a constant process in which all parties simultaneously play the roles of sender and receiver.

Source

The person responsible for inventing the idea on which he or she intends to speak and crafting the message that conveys that idea to an audience.

Encoding

Taking an abstract notion and giving it meaning through the application of symbols.

Message

Content or idea the source initially wanted to provide to the audience.

Channel

The media through which an encoded message is transmitted from a source to a receiver.

Receiver

The person or audience that a message is being transmitted to.

Decoding

Takes the symbols used to encode the message and draws meaning from them.

Noise

Force that can impede the delivery and proper decoding of a message.

Feedback

Receiver's response to speaker's message.

Environment

The context in which the communication process takes place.

Communication apprehension

The fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with another or others.

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Convincing yourself that something is going to happen before it does, thus leading to the occurrence of what you originally expected.

Systematic desensitization

The process in which a person is slowly introduced to a fear and each time he or she overcomes the fear the intensity decreases.

Ethics

Involve morals and the specific moral choices to be made by a person.

Plagiarism

Stealing the intellectual achievements of another person and presenting them as their own.

Global plagiarism

Taking an entire piece of work and saying it is your own.

Incremental plagiarism

Using part of someone else's work and not citing it as a source.

Patchwork plagiarism

Taking ideas from more than one piece of work and presenting them as original work without giving due credit to the sources.

Patchworking

Taking original sentences or work from another source, changing a few words in it and not citing the source.

4 elements of verbal citation

Publication, Publication Date, Author, Credentials

Most reliable internet domains

gov, edu, com, org, net

Race

Set of physical characteristics shared by a group of people

Ethnicity

A group of people who identify with each other based on a common experience, which might include geographic or national origin, ancestry, history, cultural and social norms, religion, race, language, ideology, food, dress, or other factors.

Sex

Biological classification based on one's reproductive organs and chromosomes.

Gender

Social construction that includes all of the beliefs, attitudes, actions and roles associated with being masculine or feminine.

Sexual orientation

Sex and gender to whom a person is romantically and sexually attracted to.

Culture

Distinctive ideas, customs, social behavior, products, or way of life of a particular nation, society, people, or period.

Co-culture

Smaller specific cultures that intersect in our lives and exist within and alongside larger cultural groups, allowing individuals to simultaneously belong to several cultures and co-cultures.

Physical and cognitive issues affecting culture

Dyslexia, hearing, color blindness

Ideology

Set of ideas, beliefs, and ideals that form our worldview and provide a basis for action.

7 Dimensions of Culture

Geert Hofstede- High v. Low Power Distribution, High v. Low Uncertainty Avoidance, Individualism v. Collectivism, Masculinity v. Femininity, Long v. Short Term Orientation, Indulgence v. Restraint, High v. Low Context Culture

Dialogue

Speaking in a way that encourages others to listen and listening in a way that encourages others to speak.

Ethnocentric

Believing your group's perspective is the only correct one and thus judging others based on their conformity to your way of doing things.

General purpose statement

Describes the type or category of speech you will prepare and deliver.

Specific purpose statement

A narrower version of the general purpose statement that identifies what you will talk about, what you will say about it, and what you hope the audience will take away from the speech.

Brainstorming

Generating ideas and listing them as they come to mind.

Concept/mind map

A visual representation of the potential areas you could cover in your speech.

3 goals of a general purpose statement

To inform, to persuade, to honor/commemorate.

5 Characteristics of Information Literacy

Know why, Know where, Know quality, Create new knowledge, and Accountability.

Bias

An unfair preference or distortion of information.

Boolean Operators

Using words such as 'and,' 'but,' and 'or' when typing in search terms to focus the results.

Demographics

Categories of definable characteristics of groups of people, such as age, race, religion, socioeconomic status, education level, and sexual orientation.

Methods of Analysis during the Speech

Direct Observation, Polling the Audience, Contact Persons.

Types of supporting material

Examples, Statistics, and Testimony.

Types of examples

Real (Factual), Hypothetical (Fictional).

Real example

Example is factual, and you will often encounter it during the research process.

Hypothetical example

Fictional, though believable and relevant, example stories that serve to make a point.

Brief example

An example that makes a very quick point and can be effective at any point in a speech.

Statistics

Numbers that summarize and organize sets of numbers to make them easier to understand or visualize.

Measures of central tendency

Statistics that indicate where the middle of a distribution lies, including the mean, median, and mode.

Mean

The average of all of the scores in a distribution, which is calculated by adding all of the scores and then dividing by the total number of scores.

Median

The middle number in a distribution of numbers.

Mode

The score that appears most often in a distribution of numbers.

Standard deviation

A measure of variability that indicates how spread apart the numbers in a distribution are.

Testimony

Using the words of other people as evidence.

Expert testimony

Testimony from someone who has conducted extensive research on the topic, has significant experience with the topic, or holds a position that lends credibility to their ideas on the subject matter.

Peer testimony

Testimony from someone who is in the same peer group as the audience but who is not necessarily an expert on the topic.

Outlining

A systematic method of organizing your ideas.

3 Tenets of Outlining

Subordination, Coordination, and Division.

Subordination

Process of creating a hierarchy of ideas in which the most general ideas appear first, followed by more specific ideas.

Coordination

All information on the same level has the same significance.

Division

Principle that if a point is divided into subpoints, there must be two or more sub points to avoid bias.

Prep outline

Used to block out speech.

4 Rules of preparation outline

Use full sentences, one sentence per symbol, citations in APA, and talking language.

Speaking outline

Watered down prep outline.

6 goals of introductions

Get the Audience's Attention, State the Relevance of Your Topic, Establish Your Credibility, State Your Argument, Preview Main Points, Transition to the Body.

Signposts

Key words that signal to the audience that you are moving from one part of the speech to another.

Transitions

Connective statements that signal you are finished with one point and moving on to another.

Internal summary

Reviews the point that you just covered and indicates to the audience that you are preparing to move to another point.

Internal preview

Serves as an outline of what is to come next in a speech and is often combined with transition statements.

Clincher

Final statement of your speech.

Thesis

A carefully worded one-sentence encapsulation of exactly what you will cover in your speech.

4 parts of conclusion

Signal ending, restate thesis, review main points, memorable closer.

Reasoning by example

The process of inferring general conclusion and making general claims from specific claims.

Reasoning by cause

Argument that claim one event/factor produces an event and requires necessary cause and sufficient cause.

Reasoning by analogy

Reasoning occurs when we use analogies to support a claim.

Reasoning by sign

Reasoning occurs when the presence of one thing indicates the presence of another.

Necessary cause

Cause that must be present for the effect to happen.

Sufficient cause

Cause that can produce the effect in question.

Literal analogy

When the two cases being compared are classified the same way.

Figurative analogy

When the two cases being compared are from completely different classifications.

Reasoning fallacies

Errors in reasoning to be avoided in arguments or speeches.

Ad hominem

Attacking the opposing person's character instead of his or her argument

Ad Verecundiam

Appeal to authority

The Slippery Slope

Relies on the belief that once a course of action is taken, other unavoidable events will inevitably occur.

Non Sequitur

"Not in sequence" in Latin. Refers to making an unjustified move from one idea to another.

Straw Man

Speaker misrepresents the opponent's position by oversimplifying that position, taking the opponent's comments out of context so that they don't represent the opponent's position at all, or representing an entire group's position with really bad arguments from one person in that group (who might be real or fictitious).

Hasty Generalization

Refers to drawing conclusions about broad principles or categories based upon a small sample of evidence.

Either-Or

When we assume there are only two alternatives, when in actuality there are more. People sometimes use it to limit alternatives and force choices in a specific direction.

False Cause

Assumes that one event causes another unrelated event to occur. Superstitions are the result of false cause, which is an error in the application of reasoning by cause.

Red Herring

When the speaker introduces irrelevant ideas to focus attention away from the real issue.

Begging the Question

When we assume certain facts that have not been proven. These types of fallacies often are prefaced by statements such as "it begs the question," "it goes without saying," "everyone agrees," and "let's just say for the sake of argument" without offering proof of their accuracy.

Deductive reasoning

An argument that reasons from known premises to an inevitable conclusion.