APPH 1040 Exam 2 (GaTech Summer Semester)

acquired

type of immune defenses gained over time

innate

type of immune defenses you are born with

surface defenses

a type of innate defense, includes skin and mucous membranes

internal defenses

a type of innate defense, includes phagocytes, pyrexia, NK cells, antimicrobial proteins, and inflammation

humoral immunity

a type of immunity including B cells

cellular immunity

a type of immunity containing T cells

lymph nodes

contain lymphocytes and macrophages

pathogenesis

development and evolution of a disease

sign

the physical manifestation of a disease

symptom

subjective evidence of a disease, such as pain or a headache; reported by patient

sequela

the aftermath of a particular disease

etiology

cause of disease

idiopathic

unknown cause

iatrogenic

a malady caused by medical treatment

incubation period

interval between initial infection and first signs and symptoms

prodromal

early symptoms that may indicate the onset of a condition or disease

5 F's of disease transmission

fingers, flies, food, feces, fomite

pyrogens

A chemical released by certain leukocytes that increases body temperature to speed up the immune system and make it more difficult for microbes to function

interleukin-1

main endogenous pyrogen

white blood cells

these release interleukin-1

99.9 degrees

temperature that indicates fever (F)

pyrexia

fever

hypothalamus

this controls pyrexia

rubor

redness or erythema (one of the signs of inflammation)

tumor

swelling or edema (one of the signs of inflammation)

calor

heat (one of the signs of inflammation)

dolor

pain (one of the signs of inflammation)

functio laesa

loss of function (one of the signs of inflammation)

ibuprofen

generic name for advil or motrin

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

NSAID, ibuprofen is one of these

antipyretic

reduces fever

prostaglandin

hormone that produces inflammation

GI bleeding

ibuprofen overdose causes this

800mg

max single dose of ibuprofen

3200mg

max daily dose of ibuprofen

400mg

normal dose of ibuprofen

acetaminophen

generic name for tylenol, paracetamol, APAP

analgesic

pain reliever, acetaminophen is one of these

inflammation

acetaminophen is not used to treat this

hepatotoxicity

acetaminophen OD may cause this, liver damage

acetaminophen

possibly linked to ADHD or asthma when taken during pregnancy

650mg

normal acetaminophen dose

1000mg

extra strength acetaminophen dose

3000mg

daily limit for acetaminophen

mediastinum

space between the lungs, location of the heart

heart

this organ is about the size of a clenched fist

apex

bottom point of the heart

base

opposite the apex, primarily made up of the left atrium

chambers

atria and ventricles are types of

valves

atrioventricular and semilunar are types of

pulmonary

type of circulation involving the lungs

systemic

type of circulation involving oxygenating organs and returning deoxygenated blood to the heart and lungs

coronary

type of circulation within the heart

cardiac output

the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute

cardiac output

heart rate x stroke volume

stroke volume

the amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in a single beat

pulse point

place where pulse is easily detected

cardiovascular disease

congestive heart failure, hypertension, peripheral artery disease, and atherosclerosis are examples of

Atherosclerosis

condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries

myocardial infarction

heart attack. tissues irreversibly damaged by lack of oxygen

angina

a condition of episodes of severe chest pain due to inadequate blood flow to the myocardium

Signs of a heart attack

1-Pain/discomfort in the jaw, neck, or back.

2- Feeling weak, light-headed, or faint.

3-Chest pain or discomfort.

4- Pain or discomfort in arms or shoulder.

5- Shortness of breath

sphygmomanometer

instrument to measure blood pressure

systolic pressure

blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles

diastolic pressure

blood pressure that remains between heart contractions

normal blood pressure

less than 120/80

elevated blood pressure

120-129/<80

stage 1 hypertension

130-139/80-89

stage 2 hypertension

>140/>90

stage 3 hypertension

>180/>120

stroke

brain cell injury due to blockage or rupture of blood vessels

cholesterol

waxy, fat-like substance found in your body and many foods

200mg/dL

less than this amount of total cholesterol is desirable

100mg/dL

less than this amount of LDLs is without risk factors

40mg/dL

desirable level of HDLs, best is >60mg/dL

150mg/dL

less than this is the desired level of triglycerides

hyperlipidemia

excessive fat in the blood

diabetes mellitus

a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both

type I

this type of diabetes is juvenile and insulin dependent

type II

this type of diabetes is adult-onset and not insulin dependent

hyperglycemia

high blood sugar, associated with diabetes

pancreas

regulates the level of sugar in the blood

insulin

hormone produced by the pancreas that helps to decrease blood sugar.

glucagon

180mg/dL

good post-meal glucose level

90-130mg/dL

good pre-meal glucose level

cardiovascular disease

leading cause of early death among people with diabetes

65

percent of people with diabetes that die from heart disease or stroke

70

percent of people with diabetes that also have high blood pressure

signs of diabetes

Excessive thirst and urination

Fatigue

Blurred vision

Initial weight loss

Tingling hands and feet

Frequent infections and slow wound healing

Red swollen and tender gums

diabetic retinopathy

damage to the retina as a complication of uncontrolled diabetes

insulin injection

treatment for type I diabetes

type II diabetes

weight loss followed by oral medication treats this

25

minimum BMI to be considered overweight

18.5

minimum BMI to be considered healthy weight

physical fitness

ability to carry out daily tasks with vigor and alertness, without undue fatigue, and with ample energy to enjoy leisure-time pursuits and respond to emergencies

involuntarily

smooth muscle is controlled