Plant Science exam 1

What is Plant Science

The study of plant life, involving the observation of plant growth and characteristics, and investigation into the relationship between plants and their environment

Describe the scientific study of plants

it includes their structure, function, growth, evolution, ecology, and interactions with their environment and other organisms

Plant life constitutes what percentage of total biomass of the Earth?

80%

What is photosynthesis? where does it take place?

Photosynthesis is the process of utilizing solar energy to convert C02 and H2O into glucose. It takes place in the chloroplasts of the leaves.

How did plants shape human society?

Plants allowed humans to have permanent settlements, grow population, social structure (farmer), Economic systems, Techonoly advencements, and cultural development.

What is the green revolution when did it take place?

The green revolution was advancements in crop production leading to higher yields, chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and irrigation it took place in the mid 20th century

What is plant science as a scientific discipline?

first interest in plants was practical, centered around food, fibers, fuel, and medicine. Then became a science involving the scientific method.

What is a hypotheses?

A tentative, unproven explanation of an observation

What is an Experiment?

A test to determine if a hypothesis is correct, it must be repeatable

What are variables?

Aspects of the experiment that can be change or held constant

What is Data?

The accumulated results from the experiment

What is a principle?

Useful generalization derived from experimental data.

What are the 11 major disciplines?

Taxonomy, Physiology, Genetics, Geonomics, Geography, Cell Biology, Economic Botany and Ethnobotany, Bioformatics, Ecology, Morphology, and Anatomy.

What is plant anatomy?

The study of the internal structure of plants, from cells to tissues to organs

Why is Plant Anatomy important?

Its essential for grasping how plants function, grow, and interact with their environment

Who discovered cells and when?

Robert Hooke in 1665

Who and when discovered that all cells contain a nucleous?

Robert Brown in 1831

Who formulated the cell theory and when?

Schleiden and Theodor Schwan in 1938

What are the two kinds of cells?

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

What are Prokaryotic cells?

Cells that lack a nucleus ex. bacterium, archaea

What is a Eukaryotic Cell?

Cells that contain a nucleus ex. fungi, plants, animals, contains organelles

What is the plant cell size and lifespan?

Between 10 and 100 micrometers, and a few days to many years

What is the Plasma Membrane?

The semipermeable outer boundary, regulates movement of substances into and out of cells.

Describe the Nucleus.

It contains genetic material (DNA), controls cell actives

Describe the Endoplasmic Reticulum

It facilitates cellular communication and channeling of materials, synthesizes membranes for other organelles and modifies proteins.

Describe the Rough ER?

Ribosomes distributed on outer surface of ER, its associated with protein synthesis and storage.

Describe the Smooth ER?

Devoid of ribosomes and associated with lipid secretion.

Describe the Golgi Apparatus.

It sorts, packages and ships proteins and lipids.

Describe Cholorplasts.

They contain Chlorophyll, and is the site of photosynthesis

Describe the Mitochondria

The powerhouse of the cell, involved in respiration

Describe the Vacuole

The large central vacuole stores nutrients and waste, maintains cell pressure and pH

What are Microbodies?

Enzyme filled organelles for specialized chemical processes.

What do peroxisomes do?

Process by products of photosynthesis

What do Glyoxisomes do?

Help convert fats to carbohydrates (During Germination)

What is the Cytoskeleton?

Its involved in movement within cell and in cell’s architecture

Describe Microtubles

They control addition of cellulose to cell wall, involved in movement of flagella and cilia, found in fibers of spindles and phragmoplasts in diving cells, They are thin, hollow, tubelike and composed of tubulins (protiens)

What do Microfilaments have a role in?

Cytoplasmic Streaming

What is the Cell Cycle?

Orderly series of events when cells divide

What is interphase?

A period when cells are not diving

What are the stages of Interphase?

G1- Cell increases in size

S- DNA replication takes place

G2- Mitochondria and other organelles divide, and microtubules are produced.

What is Mitosis?

The process of cellular division, it produces two daughter cells with equal amounts of DNA, each daughter cell is an exact copy of the parent cell.

What are the 4 phases of Mitosis.

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Describe Prophase

Chromosomes become short and thicker, Nuclear envelope dissociates and the Nucleolus disintegrates

Describe Metaphase

Chromosomes align between the poles, at the end the centromeres holding sister chromatid separate lengthwise.

Describe Anaphase

This is the briefest phase. Sister chromatids separate in unison and pulled to opposite poles

Describe Telophase

Each group of daughter chromosomes become surrounded by a nuclear envelope, daughter chromosomes became longer and thinner, Nucleoli reappear and spindle fibers disintegrate

What do plant cells have the animal cells do NOT?

Chloroplasts and Cell wall

Why do tissues matter?

Cells team up to form tissues, the building blocks of grow

What are the Meristematic Tissues?

Actively dividing tissues that produce new plant cells, EX Apical meristem, intercalary meristem, lateral mersitem

What are the permanent Tissues?

Simple including parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Complex including xylem and phloem.

Describe Apical Meristems

Causes Primary growth, occurs at tops of shoots and roots, produces new leaves and flowers.

Describe lateral Meristems

Causes secondary growth, occurs at cambium, produces bark on trees.

What are Parenchyma tissues

Thin, pliable cell walls, with intercellular air spaces. Functions are packaging tissue, storage, allows gas exchange and osmosis

What are Collenchyma tissues?

Cell walls unevenly thickened, with thick corners. Functions, support and strength, flexible walls, can photosynthesize.

What is Sclerenchyma?

Evenly thick, tough, secondary walls, normally impregnated with lignin. Functions, Strength and rigidly. there are two types Sclereids, scattered in tissue, and fibers found in roots, stems, leaves, and fruits.

What is the Xylem?

A highway up, that transports water and minerals

What is a Phloem?

Two way street for sugars

What is Aerenchyma?

Air filled cavities, helps aquatic plants float

What is the Epidermus?

Waxy cuticle prevents water loss, and is transparent to allow sunlight.

What do Root Hair Cells do?

Increase surface area, large vacuole for mineral and water storage.

What is the Periderm?

Comprises the outer bark of woody plants, consist of mainly cork cells (dead at maturity). R

What makes up plant organs?

Different tissues working together for a common cause

What do Leaves Do?

Trap sunlight needed for photosynthesis

Describe monocot stems.

Vascular bundles scattered. no cambium or secondary growth.

Describe a diocot stem?

Vascular bundles arranged in a ring, Cambium is present for secondary growth

Describe Monocot roots

Fibrous roots, Multiple xylem and phloem bundles, produces lateral roots, pith is prominent.

Describe Diocot Roots

Taproot system, fewer xylem and phloem bundles, reduced or absent pith.

What is Morphology?

The study of plant form and structure

Why is plant morphology important?

Reveals plant adaption, survival strategies, and human uses

What are the functions of Roots?

Anchor and absorb water and minerals, Store food reserves, Specialized roots including prop roots, pneumatophores, storage roots

How do roots develope?

Upon germination embryo’s radicle grows out and develops into root

Describe an Adventitious roots?

Develops into a fibrous root system (some monocots and some diocots)

Describe Radicle Roots

Developed into thick taproot with thinner branch roots (diocots)

What are the parts of the roots structure?

Region of maturation, Region of elongation, Apical meristem, Root cap

Describe food storage roots

Organs swell and provide storage areas for carbohydrates

Describe Water Storage roots

Some members of the pumpkin family

Describe Pneumatophores roots

Spongy roots that extend above the waters surface, enhancing gas exchange

Describe Aerial Roots

Aid plants in climbing

Describe Parasitic roots

produced by dodders, broomrapes, pinedrops, most lack chlorophyll

Describe Butress roots

Some tropical trees growing in shallow soil produce bug roots, stabilized tree

What are Propagative Roots

Adventitious buds on roots develop into suckers common in fruit trees

What are Contractile Roots?

Seen in herbaceous dicots and monocots, pull the plant deeper into the soil.

What are the functions of stems?

Support leaves, flowers, and fruits. Conduction: transports water, minerals and food between roots and leaves. Stores nutrients, Photosynthesis

In stem development what is the Procambium?

Produce primary xylem and phloem

In stem development what is the protoderm?

Give rise to epidermus

In stem root development, what is the apical meristem?

Contributes to increase in stem length

In stem development, What is ground meristem

Produce pith and cortex composed of parenchyma cells

What are Herbaceous stems?

Soft, green, non woody

What are Woody Stems?

Hard, lignified, and capable of supporting large plants

What are Rhizome Stems?

Below ground horizontal stems with short internodes (iresis)

What are corm stems?

Resembles bubls, but is composed almost entirely of stem tissue with papery leaves

What are Tuber Roots?

Specialized storage stems ground surface (potatoes)

What are bulb stems?

Underground stems surrounded by thick natural vegetative propagation (onion)

What are Stolon stems?

Produced beneath ground surface, grow in different directions ( Potato)

What are runners stems?

Horizontal stems that grow above ground and have long internodes.

What are Cladophylls stems?

Flattend, leaf life stems (Prickly pear Cactus)

What are the function of Leaves?

Photosynthesis, gas exchange, transpiration, protection

At maturity most leaves have?

Stalk=petiole, Leaves, flattend blade=lamina, Network of veins=vascular bundle,

What are simple Leaves?

A single undivided blade

What are compound Leaves?

A blade divided into mulitple leaflets