BIOLOGY UNIT 4 FLASHCARD

Mrs. Paulsen Bio in Dynamic Earth

All cells contain genetic information in the form of what?

DNA molecules

Genes code for the formation of what?

proteins

what are proteins?

the structural or functional units of cells

what are different versions of the same protein/gene called?

alleles

What is the central dogma?

DNA →RNA → Protein

DNA is transcribed to RNA by…

RNA polymerase

Where is RNA translated into protein?

ribosomes

What are genes?

a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that provides the code for a specific protein.

where does transcription take place?

nucleus

what does transcription do?

it copies a sequence of DNA into RNA using RNA polymerase

where does translation take place?

cytoplasm on ribosome

what does translation do?

it ‘reads’ the RNA and turns the nucleotide sequence into a sequence of amino acids

what is mRNA read as?

codons

what are codons defined as?

3 nucleotides

what is tRNA read as?

anticodons

why does tRNA and mRNA pair together?

because of base pairing rules

what is the final stage of protein synthesis called?

transcription

what are RNA polymerases?

enzymes that bond nucleotides together in a chain to make a new RNA molecule

what is the purpose of mRNA

to carry protein information from the DNA in a cell’s nucleus to the cell’s cytoplasm

what is the purpose of tRNA

it serves as a link between the mRNA and the chain of amino acids

what must happen to the RNA strand before it can exit the nucleus in eukaryotes?

it must be processed

what must happen to mRNA in order to complete protein synthesis?

the language of mRNA must be translated into the language of proteins

what are ribosomes made out of?

rRNA

what is protein folding?

the interactions of side chains on the amino acids

what is processing?

adding extra molecules or tags, or adding additional proteins.

what is a protein’s function determined by?

it’s structure

what is the structure determined by?

the order of amino acids

what are enzymes?

proteins that help regulate chemical reactions

what are catalysts?

substances that speed up reactions without being used up.

What is a mutation?

Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA or RNA

What are the two categories of mutations within a gene?

Point and frameshift

What happens if there is a positive impact of a mutation?

The new protein is better then the non-mutated DNA

What happens if there is a negative impact of a mutation?

The new protein is reduced or non-functional

What happens if there is a silent impact of a mutation?

The function of the new protein isn’t imported

What is Gene Expression?

The process by which the nucleotide sequence of a gene is transcribed to make an mRNA molecule.

prokaryotes are…

single-celled

eukaryotes are…

both single and multi-celled

What are the two types of mutations?

substitution and frameshift

What is no-tech gene manipulation?

Selectively breeding to get the desired traits in both plants and animals

What does GMO stand for?

Genetically Modified Organisms

What are GMOs?

Organisms that have DNA that have been altered using genetic engineering to introduce new traits in ways that don’t occur naturally through breeding.

What is genetic engineering in bacteria?

The process of combining genes from more than one organism

What is CRISPR?

A bacteria enzyme that precisely cuts DNA to remove mutated genes and replace them with corrected genes.

What is xenotransplantation?

the process of taking an organ from a non-human animal and transplanting it into a human

What are punnett squares utilized for?

punnett squares are a way to determine the probability of a specific genotype or phenotype being inherited.

What factors influence hereditary?

biological sex, environment, and the number of alleles in a population

What’s the first possible level of protein structure?

the primary structure

What’s the second possible level of protein structure?

the secondary structure

What’s the third possible level of protein structure?

the tertiary structure

What’s the fourth possible level of protein structure?

the quaternary structure

what’s the general role / function of proteins in living organisms?

Proteins are amino acids linked together in a chain and keep everything in your body functioning, and are one of the most important aspects of your survival.

What is the relastionship between DNA, genes, and proteins?

Genes are specific segments of DNA that help make proteins

What is protein synthesis?

The process of constructing protein based on the DNA code

How does DNA affect the structure of proteins, including mutations?

DNA’s structure encodes the linear information that specifies a protein’s amino acid sequence, which determines how the protein folds and what function it performs

in what way is Gene regulation significant?

it’s for controlling when, where, and how much a gene product is produced

why is gene expression mainly regulated at the start of transcription for prokaryotic cells?

because transcription and translation occur at the same time in prokaryotic cells

what is an operon?

a region of DNA that includes a promoter, an operator, and one or more structural genes that code for all the proteins needed to do a specific task.

What is the benefit of turning genes on and off?

It ensures that energy and resources are used efficiently. It also allows the cells to become specialized for particular functions.

what does the lac operon do?

It breaks down the sugar lactose

In eukaryotes, there are three mechanisms that control something, what are they?

there is a mechanism that controls when a gene is expressed, one that controls the amount of protein made, and another that controls when synthesis of that protein stops.

what makes it possible for eukaryotes to regulate gene expression at many different points during protein synthesis?

the cellular and chromosomal organization in eukaryotes is much more complex

what is noncoding DNA?

regions of DNA that do not code for proteins

What is a genotype?

an organism’s genetic makeup

What is a phenotype?

the traits of an organism

What is a dominant allele?

the allele that is expressed when two different alleles or two dominant alleles are present.

What is a recessive allele?

an allele that is only expressed when two recessive copies occur together.

The letters on the top and the side of Punnett squares represent alleles separating during what process?

Meiosis

What is the term for a cross that involves just one trait (gene), such as a pod shape?

monohybrid cross

which of these defines a gene?

segment of DNA

what gives each amino acid it’s unique properties?

its side group

If two organisms are not heterozygous, which of the following is not true?

the parents show a recessive phenotype

a dihybrid cross demonstrates the possible genotype / phenotype combination of

two different genes

what are the two types of nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA

which of these can influence gene expression

all of the above

in protein synthesis, what is the process that makes a copy of a cell’s DNA?

transcription

if a pea plant were homozygous recessive for height, how would the alleles be represented?

tt

which of these are bacterial enzymes that cut the DNA of viruses?

CRISPR restriction enzymes

where are proteins made in any cell?

ribosomes

If two parents are homozygous recessive, which of the following is true?

all of the above

which term is used to describe the two similar chromosomes an organism inherits from parents?

homologous chromosomes

why is DNA contained in a different way in prokaryotic cells than it is in eukaryotic cells

prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus

What is the name for an organism that is genetically identical to another as a result of biotechnology?

clone

which of these would be the outcome of recombinant DNA?

creation of bacteria that produces human insulin

what is the main purpose of genetic testing for changes in chromosomes, genes, or proteins?

assess the risk of having or carrying a genetic condition or disorder

which of the following is not the purpose of CRISPR?

make many copies of DNA