BIOLOGY UNIT 3.5 FLASHCARD (WIP)

Mrs. Paulsen Bio in Dynamic Earth

All cells contain genetic information in the form of what?

DNA molecules

Genes code for the formation of what?

proteins

what are proteins?

the structural or functional units of cells

what are different versions of the same protein/gene called?

alleles

What is the central dogma?

DNA →RNA → Protein

DNA is transcribed to RNA by…

RNA polymerase

Where is RNA translated into protein?

ribosomes

What are genes?

a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that provides the code for a specific protein.

where does transcription take place?

nucleus

what does transcription do?

it copies a sequence of DNA into RNA using RNA polymerase

where does translation take place?

cytoplasm on ribosome

what does translation do?

it ‘reads’ the RNA and turns the nucleotide sequence into a sequence of amino acids

what is mRNA read as?

codons

what are codons defined as?

3 nucleotides

what is tRNA read as?

anticodons

why does tRNA and mRNA pair together?

because of base pairing rules

what is the final stage of protein synthesis called?

transcription

what are RNA polymerases?

enzymes that bond nucleotides together in a chain to make a new RNA molecule

what is the purpose of mRNA

to carry protein information from the DNA in a cell’s nucleus to the cell’s cytoplasm

what is the purpose of tRNA

it serves as a link between the mRNA and the chain of amino acids

what must happen to the RNA strand before it can exit the nucleus in eukaryotes?

it must be processed

what must happen to mRNA in order to complete protein synthesis?

the language of mRNA must be translated into the language of proteins

what are ribosomes made out of?

rRNA

what is protein folding?

the interactions of side chains on the amino acids

what is processing?

adding extra molecules or tags, or adding additional proteins.

what is a protein’s function determined by?

it’s structure

what is the structure determined by?

the order of amino acids

what are enzymes?

proteins that help regulate chemical reactions

what are catalysts?

substances that speed up reactions without being used up.

What is a mutation?

Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA or RNA

What are the two categories of mutations within a gene?

Point and frameshift

What happens if there is a positive impact of a mutation?

The new protein is better then the non-mutated DNA

What happens if there is a negative impact of a mutation?

The new protein is reduced or non-functional

What happens if there is a silent impact of a mutation?

The function of the new protein isn’t imported