Substance Use and Mental Health

How many crimes in 2004 were committed under the influence of drugs or alcohol?

About 33%

What percentage of incarcerated people meet criteria for substance dependence or abuse?

About 50%

What are the three features of substance dependence according to Koob (2006)?

Compulsive drug seeking, loss of control, and negative emotions when deprived

What are Goldstein's three types of drug-crime relationships?

Psychopharmacological (drug effects), economic-compulsive (crime for drugs), and systemic (drug market violence)

How much of substance use disorder variation is genetic?

About 50-60%

Which genes are linked to substance dependence?

DRD4 and GABA-related genes

Why are adolescents more vulnerable to drugs?

Their PFC is underdeveloped and can't regulate large dopamine spikes

What brain system is hijacked by drug use?

The mesolimbic reward system

How does methamphetamine affect dopamine?

It triggers about 10 times more dopamine than natural rewards like food

Which mental health conditions are commonly linked with substance use?

PTSD, depression, ADHD, bipolar disorder, and borderline personality disorder

What did Schwartz and Allen (2024) study focus on?

How direct and indirect violence exposure affected correctional officers' stress and mental health

What biological markers were measured in the Schwartz & Allen study?

Cortisol (HPA axis) and alpha-amylase (sympathetic nervous system)

What was surprising about the study's physiological results?

Only indirect violence exposure affected physiological stress systems

What percentage of correctional officers experienced violence exposure?

16% direct, 24% indirect, 12% both direct and indirect